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The tradition of women adopting their husbands’ surname after marriage is arguably one of the most widespread gender-role standards in Western cultures despite marked changes in the role that women play in society and in the labor force.

According to previous studies, women who violate the married surname tradition are viewed differently from others. They are described in terms of instrumental characteristics that in a gendered society are typically assigned to men. __67__ These characteristics contrast with the expressive characteristics that are typically assigned to women, such as being more caring, kind and having less influence and power.

__68__ For this purpose, Robnett and her colleagues carried out three studies in the US and UK. The first two studies showed that husbands whose wives keep their own surnames are often described through terms that are opposed to the gender-typical personality characteristics and power framework used for men. They are described in more expressive than instrumental terms, and are seen to hold less power in a marriage. Their findings indicate that people conclude from married surname choices to make more general inferences about a couple’s gender-typed personality characteristics.

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Results from the third study conducted by Robnett’s team suggest that people hold different

opinions in how they think about such cases. People who firmly hold on to traditional gender roles react

particularly strongly to a man whose wife keeps her surname because they see him as an incapable person. “We know from previous research that people high in unfriendly sexism（蔑视女性）respond negatively to women who violate traditional gender roles,” says Robnett. “__69__” “This study joins several others in implying a link between traditions in men and women’s romantic relationships and power structures favoring men,” says Robnett. “__70__ It reflects slight

gender-role standards and ideas that often remain unquestioned despite privileging men.”

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IV. Summary Writing

Secure payment without leaving a trace

Computer scientist Andy Rupp, member of the “Signaling Code and Security” working group, is always surprised about lacking problem awareness: only few users are aware of the fact that by using payment systems they disclose in detail how and what they consume or which routes they have taken. To prevent control of the accounts by dishonest users, customer data and account balances of payment are usually carried out with the help of a central database. In every payment deal, the customer is identified and the details of her/his deal are transmitted to the central database. This repeated identification process produces a data trace that might be misused by the provider or third parties.

The expert has now presented the basics of an “electronic purse” that works by unknown names, but prevents misuse at the same time. The “black-box addition plus” (BBA+) code system developed by them transfers all necessary account data to the card used or the smartphone and guarantees their secrets with the help of signaling code methods. At the same time, BBA+ offers security guarantees for the operator of the payment system: The code system guarantees a correct

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account balance and is mathematically constructed such that the identity of the user is disclosed as soon as the attempt is made to pay with a controlled account.

“Our new code system guarantees privacy and security for customers during offline operation as well,” Andy Rupp says. “This is needed for ensuring the payment system’s suitability for daily use. Think of a subway doorway or a payment bridge. There you may have no internet connection at all or it is very slow.” Also its high efficiency makes the code system suited for everyday use: During first test runs, researchers completed payments within about one second. _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______

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_______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ V. Translation

72. 他仍难以用英语表达自己的想法。 (express)

73. 有些人天生就具有体育或音乐天赋。 (born)

74. 可以预见的是人工智能的发展必将跨入新纪元，彻底改变人类的生活方式。 (It)

75. 就减肥而言，一种饮食确实不适合所有人，对一些人有效的也许对另一些人并非灵丹妙药。 (what)

VI. Guided Writing

某英文报正举办题为“A personal habit I’d like to change”的征文比赛。请你根据征文题目写一篇短文，参加该征文活动，具体要求如下：

①简述你想改变的这一行为习惯；

②说明你改变这一习惯的理由及措施。

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