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第一讲 词汇总论
本讲要求:
1. 掌握单词构成,基本前缀,基本后缀; 2. 学会基本重构的方法;
一 单词分类
初级单词 中级单词 高级单词 高兴 生气 轻视 二 如何背单词
1. 单词是有智慧的,背单词也是需要智慧的! (1)一般形式:(特点,很多时候单词本义丢掉)
重要前缀:
ab/ac/ad/af/al(动作方向加强/一直):
bi/di/se(分/二):
co/con/com/col/cof(共同/一直 ):
dis(分开/不再):
de(向下/不再,使变坏):
ex/ef/es/e(出):
in/im(入):
ob/op(反):
ob/oc/of(to表加强):
pro(向前/时间箭头指向未来): N
F P N pre(向前/时间箭头指向过去):
per(全/一直/使变坏):
re(回,一再):
sub 在下面 super 在上面
hypo 在下面,超过 hyper 在上面,低于 over 超过
with 在里面,拿住 over 过于 a+vt 表状态 a+adj 否定 be+v…使…
重要后缀
(1) able: considerable, agreeable
(2) ful:
(3) less:
(4) some: flotsam
(5) ous: 多…的(构成贬义/构成贬义/无附加义)
第一类(贬义词):credulous,officious,rapacious,voracious, tenacious,loquacious,tedious,sumptuous,tortuous,tenuous,vacuous,parsimonious, specious,curious,noxious,surreptitious,vainglorious,sanctimonious
第二类(褒义词或中性词)assiduous,audacious,propitious,commodious,expeditious,adventitious,contagious,contiguous,innocuous
第三类(名词构成形容词形式):sagacious,courteous,laborious,acidulous,poisonous,zealous, timorous,rigorous,lustrous,circuitous,extraneous,nutritious,penurious,fallacious,glorious
(6) tive: 一直…的
acquire--- acquisitive, assert--- assertive, inquire--- inquisitive, demonstrate---demonstrative
furt(词根偷)--- furtive, incise--- incisive, intrude---intrusive , rest-restive
(7) ile: 容易…的
fragile,facile,docile,agile, versatile
(8) ulant: 多…的 petulant
(9) escent: 渐渐的 evanescent effervescent
(10) or/id:
candor-candid, timor/timorous-timid,torpor-torpid, fervor-fervid,splendor-splendid,languor—languid, stupid-stupor, rigor/ rigorous-rigid,,insipid,intrepid, morbid
练习
(1)区别单词的前缀义:
precede: perspective: imminent: proceed: prospective: eminent: preeminent:
(2)区别单词后缀的附加义
其他形式:
词根+词根: 前缀+词根: 词根+后缀:
2. 单词学习方法 重构! Breakfast——fastidious
Lunch————illuminate, luminary, translucent, lunatic
supper, soup———— seep-sip-insipid, dissipate-sap
happy, happen, perhaps———— mishap, hapless, haphazard
三种老师:
(1)注重技术:teacher-technology, architect,
(2)注重理论:doctor-dogma/document/docile/document/doctrinaire, (3)注重精神:mentor-sentimental
练习:注重前缀和词根义
(1)重构perfect, affect, effect, fact,推测confection, defect 音变体:fact/fect/feit/feat/fig/fic
defeat, counterfeit, fiction, superficial, efficient, figure, configure
(2)重构 impress, express, compress, 推测 depress, repress, suppress
(3)重构 claim(本义),disclaim, declaim, reclaim, proclaim, exclaim, clamorous(音变体),acclaim
(4)重构 pel(pull音变体), repel, dispel, expel, compel, compelling, propel, impel
(5) 重构value, evaluate, equivalent, ambivalent
音变体:(类似于汉语的通假字)
例如:
(1)fact/fect/feit/feat/fig/fic; (2)claim,clam;
(3) voice, voc;
(4)sit, sid, set, sed, sess(t,d,s互换) (5)flotsam-float+some
(6)trick-chicanery, treacherous
(7)sacred, sacrifice, consecrated (8)au-eu(好)
(9)alt-ult: altitude, exalt—exultant, ulterior (10)ghost-aghast
(11)fantastic-phantomlike
(12)loc, loq, log 说
(13)know的所有音变体:acknowledge, notorious, notable, ignore, ignorant, notice, notify,
agnostic, prognosticate,
形变体:
(1)ct与g/x互换:
prac-prag(实践):practical-pragmatic; fract-frag(折):fracture、fraction-fragile、fragmentary; fact-fag(做):faction-fag(吃力工作); tact-tag(接触):contact, tactile, intact-contagious; tect-teg(接触):detect,protect-integrity, integral; tinct-ting(保持):distinct-distinguish extinct-extinguish; flect-flex(弯曲):deflect,reflect-flexibility; flick-flig(轻弹):flick-profligate; tract-trag(拉):tractable, subtract, detract-trager pict-pig: picture, depict-pigment
lect-leg(选择,读):elect,select,lecture,collect,collective, neglect,dialect,eclectic(-legitimize,legitimate,legible,elegant,allege,privilege, elegant; negligent, negligible(lect-lig音变体+形变体的结果) lict-lig(选择):elicit,eligible,intelligen nect-nex(捆):connect,annex lust-lux(光,豪华):lustrous,lacklustrous-luxurious luct-lug (悲伤),reluctant-lugubrious
tact-tag(接触):tactile,intact-contagious
doct-dog(理论):doctor/doctrinaire—dogmatic, paradox, orthodox, heterodox sanct-sang(神): sanctity, sanctuary—sanguine (2) t,d,s互换
vid,vis(看):evident, visual, improvisational mit,mis(运送):admit, transmit—emission, admission (3)f,v互换:
debrief, abbreviate
lift-level, levity, alleviate, elevator, leverage save-safe-salvation (4) u,v,w互换
vad/wad走:pervade-wade;
van-wan(空):vanish-wane; av(爱)-au(好):avarice, avid-auspicious
3. 词汇书的选择与背词汇的方法 三 谐音串单词
na?ve sentimental blemish chaos
tout morbid emollient torrid sullen languish vanguard ponderous obstinate obsequious astonish astound
putrid mendacious
nuance squander meticulous raucous sedition—seditious vernal
sordid perish
sanguine miser —miserly meander winnow penitent obtuse yen/ yearn moribund pest sting acumen slit baffle robust amorous stun murky bane
alabaster idyll maraud paltry phony quandary queer ramble