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倒装结构

完全倒装用法归纳

完全倒装，即将谓语移到主语前。英语中构成完全倒装的情形主要有：

1. 以 here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, off, away 等方向性副词开头的句子，且句子主语是名词时，句子用完全倒装。如：

Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。 Now comes your turn. 现在该你了。

Then came a new difficulty. 这时又产生了一个新的困难。 The door opened and in came Mr Li. 门开了，李先生进了来。

注：若主语为代词，则不用倒装。如：

The door opened and in she came. 门开了，她走了进来。

2. 将表语和地点状语(多为介词短语)置于句首加以强调时，其后通常用倒装语序。如： Among them was my friend Jim. 他们当中就有我的朋友吉姆。 Around the lake are some tall trees. 湖的四周有些高树。

注：在表语置于句首的倒装结构中，要注意其中的谓语应与其后的主语保持一致，而不是与位于句首的表语保持一致。

部分倒装用法归纳

部分倒装，即将主语与助动词倒置，其结构与一般疑问句大致相同。英语中构成部分倒装的主要情形有：

1. 否定词no, none, neither, nor, nobody, nothing, never，或半否定词hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, little, few, 否定词的短语not until, by no means, not only?but also?, in no way, neither ?nor?, no sooner?than?, hardly?when?, 及频度状语副词every day, every other day, many a time, often等位于句首时，一般须部分倒装。如：

Neither do I know him. 我也不认识他。

No word did he say before he left. 他一句话没说就走了。

Little did I know about it. 我对它了解得不多。

Not only did he come, but also he brought us good news. 他不但来了，而且给我们带来了好消息。

Often did he come here with a good smile on his face. 他来这里时，脸上挂着笑容。 Little do we know his life. 我们对他的生活了解得很少。

By no means should you tell him about it. 你绝不要告诉他这事。

On no accounts must this switch be touched. 这个开关是绝不能触摸的。

In [Under] no circumstances will I lend money to him.无论如何我也不会再借钱给他了。

注意：

(1) 对于not?until句型，当not until?位于句首时，其后的主句要用倒装语序：

He didn’t leave the room until the rain stopped. / Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room. 雨停了之后他才离开这房间。

(2) not only?but also?前后连接两个句子时，not only后的句子要用部分倒装，但but also后的分句不用倒装。如：

Not only did he come, but he saw her. 他不仅来了，而且还见到了她。

Not only does she speak Spanish, (but) she also knows how to type. 她不但会说西班牙语，还会打字呢。

Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet. 他不仅是一位教师，而且是一位诗人。

Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 不仅他讲得更正确，也讲得更不费劲了。

Not only did they present a musical performance, but they also gave a brief introduction to the history of Western brass instruments. 他们不但做了音乐表演，而且简短地介绍了西方铜管乐器的历史。

2. only 加状语(副词 / 介词短语 / 从句)放在句首时，其后用部分倒装。如：

Only in this way __________ able to finish the work in time.

A. can you be B. are you C. you can be D. you are

此题应选 B。容易误选D。至于A，C，这比较容易排除，因为情态动词 can 不能与 be able to用在同一谓语中。本题之所以要选B而不选D，主要是因为句首用了only in this way 的缘故，按照英语语法规则：“only+状语”位于句首，句子通常要用倒装语序(部分倒装——用一般疑问句形式)：

1. “only+副词”位于句首：

Only then did I realize that I was wrong. 只是到了那时我才意识到是我错了。

The pilot reassured the passengers. Only then did I realize how dangerous the situation had been. 飞机驾驶员要乘客们放心，这时我才明白刚才的情况有多危险。

2. “only+介词短语”位于句首：

Only by working hard can you succeed. 只有努力工作你才能成功。

Only in the reading-room can you find him. 你只有在阅览室才能找到他。

3. “only+状语从句”位于句首：

Only after she died was I able to appreciate her. 只有到她死后我才认识到她的价值。

Only when one loses freedom does one know its value. 一个人只有在失去自由后才知道自由的可贵。

注意：若位于句首的不是only+状语，而是 only+宾语等，则通常无需倒装(但有时也可以倒装)：

Only a policeman the children saw in the street. 孩子们在街上只看到一个警察。 Only one more point will I make. 我只再说明一点。

注意：

(1) Only + 状语不在句首时，不可倒装，如：

I wrote to him only yesterday. 我就在昨天给它取了封信。

(2) Only + 名词做主语时，不可倒装。如：

Only Li Lei can answer this question. 只有李蕾能回答这个问题。

3. so / neither / nor 表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者时，用“so / neither / nor+助动词+主语”这样的倒装句式。如：

He can sing English songs and so can I. 他会唱英语歌，我也会。

He didn’t see the film, and neither did I. 他没有看这部电影，我也没有看。

She is every beautiful and so was her mother when she was young. 她很美，她妈妈年轻时也很美。

但是，若是对同一个人或事的情况表示肯定而重复时，不能倒装。如： —Li Lei is good at his lessons. 李蕾的功课学得好。 —So he is. 他的确学得好。

—Wei Fang went to the cinema last night. 魏方昨晚去看过电影。 —So she did. 她的确去看过.

4. 当虚拟条件句含有 were, should, had 时，可省略 if，将 were, should, had 置于句首。如：

Were I Tom(=If I were Tom), I would refuse. 如果我是汤姆，我就会拒绝。

Had I realized that(=If I had realized that), I would have done something. 我要是明白了这一点，我可能会采取某种行动.

5. 结构so?that?/ such?that?引导状语从句，当so或such提到句首时，主句须用倒装语序。如：

So interesting is that story that everyone wants to read it. 那个故事那么有趣，大家都想看。 So good a girl is she that we all like her. 她是一个如此好的女孩，我们大家都喜欢她。 (比较) Such a good girl is she that we all like her. 她是一个如此好的女孩，我们大家都喜欢她。 So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天气太冷，我们只好呆在家里。 So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快，我们几乎没法想像它的速度。