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环境工程专业英语试卷

pollution污染 acid rain酸雨 interaction of systems系统的交互作用 environmental problem环境问题 environmental disturbance环境破坏 biotic habitat生物环境 sulfur dioxide二氧化硫 nitrogen oxide氧化氮 carbon dioxide二氧化碳 automobile exhaust汽车尾气

primary air pollutant一次大气污染物 secondary air pollutant二次大气污染物 monoxide一氧化物 dioxide二氧化物 trioxide三氧化物

carbon monoxide一氧化碳 carbon dioxide二氧化碳 sulfur dioxide二氧化硫 sulfur trioxide三氧化硫 nitrous oxide一氧化二氮 nitric oxide一氧化氮

contaminant污染物 strength强度

foreign matter杂质 domestic sewage生活污水 municipal wastewater城市废水 microbe微生物 microorganism微生物 bacteria细菌 total solids总固体

inorganic constituents无机要素 suspended solids (SS)固体悬浮物

contamination污染 recontamination再污染 groundwater地下水 surface water地表水 restriction限制 colloid胶体 screening隔栅 coagulation凝聚 flocculation絮凝 sedimentation沉淀 filtration过滤 disinfection消毒 microbial degradation微生物降解 biological degradation生化降解 biofilm process生物膜法

activated sludge process活性污泥法 attached-growth吸着生长 suspended-growth悬浮生长 shock loading冲击负荷 organic loading有机负荷

mixed liquor suspended solids混合液悬浮固体 metabolize使代谢化 metabolism新陈代谢

dissolved oxygen 溶解氧 solid waste固体废物 industrial工业的 municipal城市化 agricultural农业的

infectious diseases有传染性的疾病 waterborne diseases水传染的疾病 agrarian society农业社会 industrial society工业社会 industrial revolution产业革命 urbanization城市化

industrialization工业化 developed country发达国家 developing country发展中国家 undeveloped country落后国家nitrogen dioxide二氧化氮 carbon oxides碳氮化物 sulfur oxides硫氧化物 nitrogen oxides氮氧化物 hydrocarbons碳氢化合物

photochemical oxidants光化学氧化物 particulates颗粒物

inorganic compound无机化合物 organic compound有机化合物

radioactive substance放射性物质 heat热 noise噪声

volatile suspended solids (VSS)挥发性悬浮固体颗粒organic matter有机物质

total organic carbon, TOC 总有机碳 chemical oxygen demand, COD化学需氧量 biochemical oxygen demand, BOD生化需氧量 biodegradable可微生物分解的

chlorination氯化消毒 prechlorination预加氯ozonation臭氧消毒 aeration曝气

softening软化 activated carbon活性炭 adsorption吸附 reverse osmosis反渗透 desalination脱盐处理

pretreatment process 预处理工艺 primary clarifier初沉池 equalization basin均质池

biological treatment process生物处理工艺 aeration basin曝气池

secondary clarifier二沉池 biomass生物质

heterotrophic bacteria异养菌 autotrophic bacteria自养菌

hydraulic retention time (HRT) 水力停留时间 sludge residence time (SRT) 污泥停留时间hazardous危险的 commercial商业的 residential住宅的

putrescible易腐烂的

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combustible易燃的 flammable可燃的 explosive易爆的 radioactive放射性的 汽车尾气automobile exhaust

Landfilling土地填埋 incineration: 焚烧 composting: 堆肥 compaction: 压实，紧凑 sanitary landfill卫生填埋 balance剩下的，余额，结余 batch-fed分批投料 refuse垃圾

municipal waste城市垃圾 perform: 执行 shut down: 关闭 energy recovery能量回收

incomplete combustion不完全燃烧 combustion燃烧 volume reduction体积缩小 anaerobic厌氧硝化 中英互译短语

Biological degradation生化降解 equalization basin调节池 aeration basin曝气池 sludge blocs污泥絮体 settling tank沉淀池 dissolved oxygen溶解氧 suspended-growth悬浮生长 pulverized refuse垃圾破碎 biofilm生物膜

well-compacted landfill压实填埋场 nutrient source营养源 mass-burning大量燃烧 fluidized fed incarceration硫化床燃烧法 soil conditioners土壤改良剂

温室效应greenhouse effect 由CO2引起的caust by CO2 世界碳预算the world carbon budget 天气自然波动natural fluctuations 全球变暖global warming 厌氧的anaerobic

腐烂Putrefied 甲烷methane 臭氧层ozone layer 气候模型climatic model

正常浓度：normal concentration 严重污染物：heavily polluted 决定因素：determining factor 光化学氧化物：photochemical oxidants 液体微滴：liquid particulates 含硫的：sulfur-containing 放射性物质：radioactiue substance 汽车尾气：automobile exhaust wet oxidation湿式氧化

1、 Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us; that which we can see, hear,

touch, smell, and taste. 环境是我们周围的物理和生物环境，我们可以看到、听到、接触到、闻到和品尝到的。 2、 Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical, chemical, or biological

characteristics of the air, water, or land that can harmfully affect the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms污染可以定义为大气、水或者土壤在物理、化学或者生物方面的特征所产生的不愉快的变化，它对人类的健康、生存和活动或者其他的有机体都产生了有害的影响。

3、 Two examples of interaction between systems that cause major environmental disturbances are

presented-the buildup of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a global problem, and the acid rain problem, normally of regional nature目前大气中二氧化碳的增多，是一个全球性的问题，还有酸雨问题，一般来说它都具有一定的区域特性，这就是两个关于系统之间的相互联系而产生重大环境问题的例子。 4、 With these improvements, however, have come disturbing side effects, such as lost arable land,

disappearing forests, environmental pollution, and new organisms resistant to controls.

经过这些进步，尽管还是有一些破坏性的影响，例如耕地、森林的消失，环境的污染和新的生物反抗的控制

5、 Both phenomena, urbanization and industrialization, were and are fundamental causes of water and

air pollution which the cities of that time were unable to handle.城市化和工业化两者的现象，是过去和现在水污染和大气污染的根本原因，在过去这些城市是处理不了的 6、 Rapid advances in technology for the treatment of water and the partial treatment of wastewater

took place in the developed countries over the next few decades.在接下来的几十年理发达国家，在水治理和部分废水治理技术方面都取得了快速的进展。

1、 What Is Air Pollution? Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals

in high enough concentrations to harm humans, other animals, vegetation or materials. There are two major types of air pollutants .A primary air pollutant is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration. It can be a natural air component, such as carbon dioxide, that rises above its normal concentration, or something not usually found in the air, such as a lead compound emitted by cars burning leaded gasoline. A secondary air pollutant is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components. Serious air pollution usually results over a city or other area that is emitting high levels of pollutants during a period of air stagnation. The geographic location of some heavily populated cities, such as Los Angeles and Mexico City, makes them particularly susceptible to frequent air stagnation

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and pollution buildup什么是大气污染？大气污染一般定义为含有一种或多种浓度足够高得而且对人类、其他动物、植

物或者物质产生有害影响的物质，有两种主要类型的大气污染，一次大气污染是一种化学物质直接排放到大气中并达到一定的有害浓度，他可以是空气仲的自然组分，例如二氧化碳，当它的浓度升高到超过它的正常值时，或者一些平常在大气中找不到的组分，例如汽车燃烧含铅汽油而导致大气中散发出一些化合物。二次大气污染物是指在大气中通入现有组分间发生的化学反应而产生的一种有害化学物质。严重的大气污染通常是在静风条件下经过一段时间后结果一个城市或其他地区的大气中有高浓度的污染物。一些人口非常稠密的城市的地理位置，例如洛杉矶和墨西哥的地理位置，使得它们经常特别易受空气流动停滞和污积物的增加的影响。

1、 The most severe consequence of CO2 induced global warming would be melting of the polar ice caps

and he subsequent rise of ocean levels and inundation of coastal plains. 二氧化碳导致全球变暖最严

重的后果将会是两极冰块的融化和海平面的上升以及沿海地区洪水的泛滥。

2、 Although global warming from the already elevate levels of atmospheric CO2 has been predicted by most climatic models, such a warming has not been empirically observed.虽然全球气候变暖已经是通过大气仲CO2的浓度升高而被许多气候模型而预测得到，如此的一种变暖还没有以经验为主地观察

3、 Although they indicate trends in average surface temperatures and climate, they unfortunately

coincide with increased industrialization and pollution虽然他们指出表面温度和气候的平均趋势，但是他

们不幸地与工业化增加和污染相一致

4、 High biomass systems: Many current approaches to high biomass system employ a combination of fixed

film suspended biomass in the process. High biomass systems have gained a certain popularity in Europe. During the past few years, a number of investigations undertaken in the Federal Republic of Germany have been reported. Among the advantages attributed to such systems have been improvements in nitrification performance, sludge settleability, and effluent quality.高生物质系

统：现在很多应用在高生物质系统的方法是生物质固定膜上的组合工艺法。高生物质系统在欧洲得到了广泛的普及，在过去的几年里，由德国联邦政府着手的大量调查研究都被报道，在这样的优势归因于系统已经改善了硝化性能，污泥的沉降性和出水水质

5、 Reasons for selecting high biomass systems over construction of additional aeration tanks and

clarifiers(or other secondary treatment process) include reduced space requirements, increased process stability, and capital/operating cost savings.选择高生物质系统的原因是在传统的曝气池和澄清池或者其他二次处理工艺的构筑物中都有减少空间的需要，增加工艺的稳定性能和节省操作费用

6、 High biomass systems call for installation of supplemental equipment over that contained in a

conventional activated sludge plant, More installed equipment generally implies more maintenance, and, to some extent, this is true for some of the systems. In addition, the presence of both suspended and fixed biomass forms and higher biomass concentrations may require a certain level of additional operator time to achieve optimum system performance.高生物质系统需要安装辅助设备在那些常规的活性污泥

厂里面，很多安装的设备一般需要较多的维修费用，在某些程度上，对于一些系统来说这是真的，除此之外，现场的悬浮和固定的生物质的形式和高生物质浓度都需要一个合适程度的额外操作时间来达到最佳的系统性能。

The presence of inert support media and higher biomass concentrations in these systems can increase overall power consumption. To achieve desired mixing patterns in retrofitted aeration tanks, power input may have to be increased. Also, the presence of additional biomass increases system oxygen requirements which, in turn, requires additional power input. In addition, high biomass systems generally yield higher levels of nitrification, which also can affect overall power consumption. Such factors should be addressed when analyzing operating costs. 这些系统的惰性支持介质和较高的生物量集中的出

现能增加全部的耗电量。为了达到在曝气池改进理想混合模型，使输入有力量可能必须被增加。同时另外生物量的出现增加系统氧需求，依次需要额外的电源输入。除此之外，高生物质系统一般达到较高的硝化水平，也能影响全部的耗电量。当分析操作费用的时候，如此的因素应该被提到。

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