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第四章

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1.Given the following table, which country is relatively more labor abundant? Show how you

know. Which is relatively capital abundant?根据下表，那个国家是劳动相对丰富？为什么？那个是资本相对丰富？

Capital Labor

United States 40 machines 200 workers

Canada 10 machines 60 workers

Answer: The capital–labor ratios are 1/5 and 1/6 for the United States and Canada. Since 1/5 is greater than 1/6, the United States is capital abundant. By the same reasoning, the labor–capital ratio is higher in Canada, so it is labor abundant. 资本 - 劳动比率的五分之一和六分之一的美国和加拿大。由于五分之一大于6,1美国是资金充裕。同样的道理，劳动，资本充足率在加拿大较高，所以它是劳动力丰富。

2. Suppose that the United States and Canada have the factor endowments given in the

table in Question 1. Suppose further that the production requirements for a unit of steel is two machines and eight workers, and the requirement for a unit of bread is one

machine and eight workers. 假设美国和加拿大在表中问题1给出的要素禀赋进一步假设生产要求对钢铁的单位是两台机器和八名工人，和面包一个单位的要求是一台机器，八工人。

a. Which good, bread or steel, is relatively intensive in the use of capital? In labor?

Show how you know. b. Which country would export bread? Why? Answers:

a. The capital–labor ratio to make steel is 1/4; to make bread it is 1/8. Hence steel is

more capital intensive and bread is more labor intensive. 资本 - 劳动比率，使钢的四分之一;做面包是八分之一。因此，钢铁是资本密集和面包是劳动密集型的。 b. Since the United States is capital abundant and steel is capital intensive, according to

the Heckscher-Ohlin trade model, the United States will export steel and Canada will export bread. 由于美国是资本雄厚，钢铁是资本密集型的，根据赫克歇尔 - 俄林贸易模式，美国将出口钢材和加拿大将出口面包。 3. Suppose that before trade takes place, the United States is at a point on its PPC where it

produces

20 bread and 20 steel. Once trade becomes possible, the price of a unit of steel is two units of bread. In response, the United States moves along its PPC to a new point where it is producing 30 steel and 10 bread. Is the country better off? How do you know? 假定在开放对外贸易前，美国在生产可能性曲线上表示20个单位面包和20个单位钢铁的点上进行生产。一旦贸易进行，每单位的钢铁可以换2单位的面包。所以，美国将其生产点移至生产30单位钢铁和10单位面包的地方。请问，美国的总生产情况有没有变得更好？为什么？

Answer: The United States is definitely better off because it can consume a greater

quantity of both goods. If it traded five steel for 10 bread it would have 20 bread and 25 steel. This is the same amount of bread as before trade, and five more units of steel. It can keep the extra five steel, or trade some or all of them for additional bread. In either case, the consumption bundle is greater than it was before trade. 美国无疑是更好，因为它可以消耗两种商品的数量更大。如果成交5钢10面包那就得20面包和25钢。这是面包如贸易前相同的量，及钢的五个单位。它可以让多余的5钢或交易部分或全部的额外面包。在两种情况下，消费束大于它交易之前。 4. Given the information in Questions 1 and 2, explain what happens to the returns to

capital and labor in each country after trade begins. 根据问题1和问题2的信息，解释当贸易开始后资本和劳动力的投入回报率是怎样变化的。

Answer: The changes in the returns to capital are different by country. In the United States, the demand for capital increases because more steel will be produced; conversely, the demand for labor falls because of the drop in bread production.

Owners of capital benefit from the increase in demand for their inputs, while owners of labor suffer a decline in their returns (wages). In Canada, the effects are reversed.

在资本收益的变化由国家有所不同。在美国，对资金需求的增加，因为更多的钢会产生;相反，对劳动力的需求下降，因为在面包生产的下降。从增加其投入资本的需求业主的利益，而劳动力的业主遭受的回报（工资）的下降。在加拿大，效果是相反的。

5. Suppose that there are three factors: capital, labor, and land. Bread requires inputs of land and labor, and steel requires capital and labor. 假定只有3种要素：资本、劳动力和土地。面包生产需要投入土地和劳动力，钢铁生产需要投入资本和劳动力。

（1）另一个是可转移要素，另一个是特定要素？

（2）假定加拿大的要素为10单位资本和100单位土地，美国的要素为50单位资本和100单位土地。它们各自会出口什么商品？