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Approaching the Topic

1. 1) The Scientific Method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring

knowledge, as well as correcting/integrating previous knowledge. It involves gathering

observable, empirical and measurable evidence, the collection of data through observation

and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses. 2) Scientists put forward hypotheses to explain what is observed. They then conduct experiments

to test these hypotheses. The steps taken in the experiment must be capable of replication and

the results emerge as the same. What is discovered may lead to a new hypothesis.

3) Scientists are human and can be unintentionally biased; total objectivity is impossible.

4) Scientists are human and can be unintentionally biased. Science uses our senses and our senses

can be mistaken. We can never understand something as it really is because our very presence

affects what is being studied.

5) ① Science is both a body of knowledge and a process. ② Science is exciting. ③ Science is useful. ④ Science is ongoing. ⑤ Science is reliable. ⑥ Science is a community endeavor.

2. 1) c 2) g 3) e 4) f 5) a 6) d 7) h 8) k 9) b 10) i 11) j 4. (1) aspects (2) process (3) satisfy (4) technologies (5) puzzle (6) collection (7) evidence (8) ensure (9) diversity (10) professional 6. 1) Science.

2) It brings to mind many different pictures: white lab coats and microscopes, a scientist peering

through a telescope, the launch of the space shuttle, and so on. 3) Science can discover the laws to understand the order of nature.

4) Because it relies on a systems of checks and balances, which helps ensure that science moves

towards greater accuracy and understanding, and this system is facilitated by diversity within

the scientific community, which offers a range of perspectives on scientific ideas.

5) Open.

Reading about the Topic

3. 1) The modern scientific method is characterized by confirmations and observations which

“verified”the theories in question, but some genuinely testable theories, when found to be

false, are still upheld by their admirers, which rescues the theory from refutation only at the

price of destroying, or at least lowering, its scientific status.

2) A theory which is not refutable by any conceivable event is non-scientific.

3) Their theories were constantly verified by their clinical observations. They always fitted and

were always confirmed.

4) Light must be attracted by heavy bodies (such as the sun).

5) There is the risk involved in a prediction: the theory is incompatible with certain possible

results of observation — in fact with results which everybody before Einstein would have

expected.

4. Set 1: 1) c 2) a 3) d 4) b 5) f 6) e 7) h 8) g Set 2: 1) b 2) e 3) a 4) f 5) d 6) c 7) h 8) g 5. Para. A (b) Para. B (c) Para. C (e) Para. D (e) Para. E (a) Para. F (d)

6. 1) Observations, hypotheses, and deductions, then conclusions.

2) You will need to research everything that you can f ind about the problem.

3) You shouldn’t change the hypothesis. Instead, try to explain what might have been wrong

with your original hypothesis.

4) An important thing to remember during this stage of the scientific method is that once you

develop a hypothesis and a prediction, you shouldn’t change it, even if the results of your

experiment show that you were wrong.

5) Because there is a chance that you made a miscue somewhere along the way.

7. Set 1: 1) c 2) a 3) d 4) b 5) f 6) e 7) h 8) g

Set 2: 1) e 2) g 3) a 4) f 5) c 6) b 7) d 8) h

8. 1) Observation, as the f irst stage of the scientific method, is a way of collecting information

from any possible sources, which can serve as a foundation in verifying a theory. In this

process, one should expect an event which could refute the theory. Only through being

refuted by new observations which are incompatible with the theory could it be falsified,

which ref lects its true scientific virtue.

2) A hypothesis is a possible solution to a problem, based on knowledge and research, while a

theory is a hypothesis confirmed by the research findings. Every theory cannot be applied to

every situation; otherwise, it is not a good theory.

3) It is always possible to verify nearly every theory, but that would rescue the theory from

refutation at the price of destroying, or at least lowering its scientific status.

4) To falsify a theory is more valuable, because a theory which is not refutable by any conceivable

event is non-scientific.

9. 1) Because of this personal experience and an interest in the problem, you decide to learn more

about what makes plants grow. (Para. B)

2) The experiment that you will design is done to test the hypothesis. (Para. D)

3) Through informal, exploratory observations of plants in a garden, those with more sunlight

appear to grow bigger. (Para. H)

4) The judges at your science fair will not take points off simply because your results don’t

match up with your hypothesis. (Para. K)

5) You cannot prove the hypothesis with a single experiment, because there is a chance that you

made a miscue somewhere along the way. (Para. Q)

10. Observation, the initial stage of the research, requires a thorough understanding of a research

project you have chosen by collecting adequate information from various sources, and is

followed by the next stage known as hypothesis, an uncomplicated statement that defines

what you think the outcome of your experiment will be.

Exploring the Topic

4. 1) Science does not include explanations based on no empirical evidence.

2) The human nature of science, however, renders it unlikely to be free of personal prejudices,

misapprehensions, and bias.

3) The scope of science encompasses the whole universe and natural world.

4) Science is a process of deciding whether the acquired evidence may prove what is most

likely to be correct currently.

5) It is not possible to prove a hypothesis with a single experiment, as chances are that a

mistake was made somewhere in the process.

Integrated Exercises

2. (1) additional (2) illustrate (3) interpret (4) conduct (5) previous (6) involve

(7) design (8) verify (9) reflect (10) collect (11) research (12) support 3.

The members of a word family acquire acquired acquisition project projected projecting projection method methodical methodology methodological identify identifiable identification identity unidentifiable empirical empirically empiricism confirm confirmation confirmed approach approachable approaching unapproachable theory theoretical theoretically theorist emphasis emphasize emphatic emphatically achieve achievable achieved achievement commit commitment constitute constituency constituent constitution constitutional constitutive assume assumed assuming assumption expose exposed exposure logical illogical illogically logician Chinese equivalent v.获得 adj.获得的 n.获得物 n.计划 adj.规划的 adj.突出的 n.规划 n.方法 adj.有方法的 n.方法论 adj.方法论的 v.识别 adj.可辨认的 n.鉴定、身份 adj.无法识别的 adj.凭经验的 adv.凭经验地 n.经验论 v.确认 n.证实 adj.确认的 v.接近 adj.可接近的 adj.逼近的 adj.不易亲近的 n.理论 adj.理论上的 adv.理论上地 n.理论家 n.强调 v.强调 adj.强调的 adv.强调地 v.取得 adj.可以实现的 adj.高度完美的 n.成就 v.把……托付给 n.承诺 v.组成 n.选区 n.组成部分 n.宪法 adj.宪法的 adj.构成的 v.假定 adj.假装的 conj.如果 n.假定 v.揭露 adj.裸露的 n.暴露 adj.逻辑上的 adj.不合逻辑的 adv.不合逻辑地 n.逻辑学家

(1) methodical (2) commitment (3) achievable (4) assume (5) illogical (6) exposure (7) constitutive (8) emphatic (9) confirmation (10) identity

4. (1) A (2) B (3) A (4) D (5) A (6) B (7) C (8) A (9) D (10) B

5. (1) This observation motivated Newton to develop a theory of gravity.

(2) Other scholars attempt to approach the subject from an economical perspective.

(3) Participating in the activity will provide one with an initial taste of the objectives of

sociology.

(4) Scientists insisted there was a rational explanation for the strange phenomenon.

(5) To most young people, higher education is nothing but a process of acquiring knowledge.

(6) The study demonstrates the necessity of taking a much broader view in the matter.

(7) The new car’s design successfully integrates art and technology.

(8) China actually encountered the identical stages of its development in the early 1990s to the

West.

(9) The virus can spread to a document or application between computers and render the

computer useless.

(10) If the sustainable development of small economies is facilitated, their effectiveness will be

ultimately integrated into the global economy.

7. 1) We could not attend a conference without hearing some talks about change and challenge.

2) Things seem highly optimistic in the light of numerous reports, especially from country

districts.

3) I am in favor of the argument that urbanization should be controlled properly.

4) Something slowly began to dawn on me — I still loved what I did.

5) My computer does not work because it was rendered paralyzed by some viruses.

6) Experts are working on the plan in question. And they’ll come to an answer.

7) A national curriculum framework is logically incompatible with pupil-centered learning.

8) For many women success is often achieved at the price of their married life.

9) Many attempts had been made before I successfully entered a key university.

10) There is a good chance that it will turn fine tomorrow.

8. A. (1) B (2) A (3) C (4) A (5) B

B. Understanding scientific method is critical to your scientific endeavor. The scientific

method is a series of steps that serve as guidelines for scientific efforts, and a tool that

helps scientists solve problems and determine answers to questions in a logical format.