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contribution contributive contributory indebted indebtedness relevant irrelevance irrelevant relevance n.贡献、投稿 adj.出资的、贡献的 adj.捐助的,导致的 adj.负债的 n.债务,受恩惠 adj.相关的 n.离题 adj.不切题的 n.关联
(1) insightful (2) transformation (3) respectively (4) dazzling (5) resurgent
(6) indebted (7) backwards (8) irrelevant (9) unparalleled (10) illusionary
4. (1) C (2) D (3) A (4) B (5) A (6) A (7) C (8) D (9) B (10) D
5. (1) Examples will be drawn from literature and popular media to illustrate the range of
leadership and non-leadership behaviors and competencies.
(2) You’ll never be able to eliminate interruptions altogether but you can do a lot to minimize
them.
(3) There is evidence that the movie reinforces negative stereotypes about women.
(4) The violence to property will do nothing to facilitate that investigation.
(5) Determination and effort enable-d the young man to acquire success.
(6) The project was held back by budget restraints.
(7) We will continue to press governments in the region to undertake political reforms.
(8) This level of economic growth is unprecedented and unique.
(9) This policy could isolate the country from the other permanent members of the United
Nations Security Council.
(10) The profound economic effect would accumulate day by day, and much of it might be
reversible.
7. (1) It must be realized that China experienced a great transformation in the last century.
(2) However, it is rather questionable whether the majority of Americans know the truth
about China and Chinese people.
(3) All of the information can be conveyed by simple graphs. (4) It is essential that our children absorb this lesson into their outlook on the world.
(5) It is a lesson that all of us should take to heart.
(6) We must never lose sight of the fact that many inventions originated in China.
(7) Many of us take it for granted that technology is the top priority in economic
development.
(8) How was it that you had the right information at the right place and at the right time?
(9) I can think of no better illustration of the importance of higher education than the fact that
many university graduates have become the leaders in various f ields.
(10) The demand for a raise ref lects as much a desire for the recognition of their success as
for more money. 8. A. (1) C (2) B (3) D (4) D (5) C
B. China’s ancient great inventions and discoveries, as the forerunners of some of the
modern technologies, both enhance the quality of human life and change Chinese history
of science. The most signif icant ones are papermaking, gunpowder, compass and printing.
Paper, one of the most widely used and indispensable materials, led to subsequent
innovations like paper currency, woodblock printing and ceramic movable type printing.
The most important invention of gunpowder triggered a series of related discoveries like
fireworks, land mine-s，naval mine-s, exploding cannonballs, multistage rocket-s, etc. The
compass, originally in a crude form, was followed by a magnetic device and a magnetic
needle for navigation in waters.
C. (1) He accidentally stumbled upon f ireworks by mixing 3 routine kitchen ingredients —
saltpeter, sulfur and charcoal and ignited them.
(2) The fireworks came to be used for auspicious occasions like wedding-s, religious
ceremonies and to celebrate victories and achievements, and even as rocket fuel.
(3) He was called the founder of f ire crackers.
(4) The gun powder tubes were found to be strong enough to launch arrows and this is how
the rocket was conceptualized and used against the Mongolians in a Kai keng battle.
(5) He wanted to see how these rockets could be used for transportation.
D. (1) stumbling upon (2) sulfur (3) ignited (4) explosion (5) warding off
(6) auspicious (7) fuel (8) version (9) ghost (10) haunt (11) shooed off
(12) crackers (13) rocket fuel (14) attached (15) deliberately
Unit 4 Responsibility of Scientists
Keys to the Exercises
Approaching the Topic
1. 1) Hans Bethe was a distinguished scientist with remarkable contributions to several areas of
physics during his academic career, and also a Nobel Prize winner. As an exemplary scientist,
Bethe was marked by his warmth, generosity, tenacity, and modest habits.
2) His major contributions include his 1939 research into how the sun generates its energy by
Converting hydrogen to helium using carbon as a nuclear catalyst and his central role in the
“Manhattan Project”.
3) He used Los Alamos as a platform to address scientists there directly as well as scientists
around the world through the press.
4) Because he realized that it was time to rightly disarm and dismantle nuclear weapons.
5) Like chemical and biological weapons, nuclear weapons have the potential for mass
destruction, thus posing a great threat to humanity.
2. 1) b 2) k 3) c 4) e 5) m 6) j 7) a 8) f 9) d 10) i 11) h 12) g 13) l
4. (1) experimental (2) potential (3) identified (4) disappeared (5) zero
(6) Achieving (7) possession (8) safeguard (9) abandon (10) look 6. 1) Disarmament of nuclear weapons.
2) They think nuclear weapons could have the potential for mass destruction, thus posing a
great threat to humanity.
3) Open. 4) Open. 5) Open. Reading about the Topic
3. 1) Einstein’s penetrating intellect gave rise to the birth of nuclear weapons. However, later in
his life, Einstein realized the potential harm of the invention and made serious efforts to deter
the spread of nuclear weapons.
2) The major risk of nuclear energy is its potential for massive destruction that could bring an
end to the human species.
3) Einstein never worked on the Manhattan Project to make the atomic bomb, and was deeply
disturbed and saddened when the bombs were used on Japan.
4) There is no solution to the problem of atomic bombs except international control of atomic
energy and, ultimately, the elimination of war.
5) The strong message he sent to humanity: “The splitting of the atom has changed everything
except our modes of thinking, and thus we drift toward unprecedented catastrophe.”It
indicates his cautious and objective attitude towards nuclear weapons. 4. Set 1: 1) d 2) h 3) c 4) a 5) f 6) g 7) b 8) e Set 2: 1) b 2) e 3) a 4) h 5) g 6) c 7) d 8) f 5. Para. A (f) Para. B (e) Para. C (b) Para. D (d) Para. E (a) Para. F (a) Para. G (c)
6. 1) Yes, there is. A good scientist is not necessarily successful, and vice versa.
2) Fritz Haber’s case implies that it is possible for a successful scientist to do ethically bad
things.
3) The role of the scientist can be defined by taking into account utilitarianism, obligation and
virtue theory.
4) The authors believe that the Manhattan Project is a typical example of the obligation of
scientists made necessary only under extraordinary circumstances like a war.
5) Because either term has no meaning in that particular theory. Every approach brings out a
different aspect of “goodness”or“success”, but also leads to specific problems.
7. Set 1: 1) b 2) h 3) f 4) e 5) g 6) a 7) d 8) c Set 2: 1) d 2) c 3) h 4) g 5) e 6) a 7) b 8) f
8. 1) The authors of both articles both regard humanity as a crucial criterion in judging whether a
scientist is successful.
2) The author of Reading 2 definitely would consider Einstein epitomized the qualities of a
successful scientist according to utilitarianism, obligation and virtue theory.
3) Utilitarianism, obligation and humanity.
4) Yes. Einstein would be regarded as a good and successful scientist. In terms of utilitarianism,
his penetrating intellect changed our view of the world. In terms of obligation, he felt it was
his duty to inform President Franklin Roosevelt of the potential danger that the Germans
would develop an atomic weapon to defeat the Allied powers. In terms of virtue, he never
stopped fighting for the disarmament of weapons of mass destruction, urging scientists to act
for the good of humanity.
9. 1) The German chemist Fritz Haber developed a method for synthesizing ammonia, thereby
making it possible to produce fertilizers cheaply and in large quantities. (Para. E)
2) Stubbornly, Haber rejected his wife’s every suggestion. (Para. G)
3) Sometimes ends do justify the means for successful science. (Para. I) 4) In the same way that the ancient Greeks made a list of the “cardinal”virtues and ranked
types of character, it should be possible to do the same for specific scientific virtues. (Para. J)
5) The physicist Paul Dirac was a famously anti-social person who would sometimes not speak