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Unit Two

Task 1 Familiarizing Yourself with Classification

1) Man-made or anthropogenic causes, and natural causes.

1. Skim the following passage for the answers to the questions below.

2) Pollution (burning fossil fuels, mining coal and oil, etc.), the production of CO2 ( the increase of

population, the demolition of trees, etc.) 3) CO2 is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the Earth’s atmosphere.

4) Classif ication helps us to determine and understand the relationship of the parts of a subject which is studied by us. Classification is made on the basis of a clear definition.

5) In order to make a clear and logic classification, one needs to follow a principle of classification and go on with a system consistently. For example, the categories of classification should be mutually exclusive and no overlapping is allowed.

Reading 1

Causes for Global Warming

Understanding Lectures through Classification

Task 2

Listening 1

1. Listening to the lecture and write down whatever you believe is important, especially the classifications of key terms.

Unconscious motivation, unconscious conflict, the id, the ego, the superego, etc.

2. Use your notes. Decide if the statements below are true (T) or false (F). Then justify your answers, in the space provided, by giving evidence from the talk. 1) T 2) F 3) F 4) F 5) T 6) F 7) T 8) F

3. Listen again, paying attention to the following classifications and then complete the tables below.

Idea One: The existence of an unconscious motivation

Idea Two: The notion of unconscious dynamics or conflict

4. Listen again and piece your notes together into a short summary. Then retell the lecture to your partner.

There are two interesting ideas in Freud’s theory: first, the existence of unconscious motivation; second, the concept of unconscious conflict. Freud believes that unconscious motivation might play an important role in a lot of situations, such as marriage, forgetting a person’s name, calling out the wrong name etc. In his view, there are three processes going on in the head, namely, id, ego and superego, which are in violent internal conflict. Id functions on“the Pleasure Principle”, while ego works on “the Reality Principle”and superego is the internalized rules of a society. Ego is in between id and superego.

Task 3 Reading Classification Articles

Reading 2 Renewable Energy Sources—A Brief Summary

1. Work with a partner or a group of 3—4 students. Study the title and phrases in bold of Reading 2 and discuss the following questions.

1) Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). √ 2) □The purpose of using renewable energy sources. √ The classification of renewable energy sources. □

√The examples of different types of renewable energy sources. □ √ The advantages and disadvantages of various types of renewable energy sources. □√ The history of the use of different energy sources. □

□ How energy is obtained from various sources.

3) I will write:

(1) The definition of the renewable energy.

(2) The classification of the renewable energy.

(3) The advantages and the disadvantages of various types of renewable energy sources. 2. Read the following questions and scan Reading 2 for their answers.

1) The signing of the Kyoto Treaty. 2) It converts the sun’s rays into energy.

3) The main demerit is that it is limited.

4) Sailors, farmers and architects.

5) The main advantage is that this doesn’t produce any by-products that can be harmful to the environment.

6) Because the Earth’s crust continuously decays replenishing the heat.

7) They use the force of the water to push the turbine which in turn powers a generator thus generating electricity.

8) It poses a problem for fish and aquatic plants on both sides of the dam.

9) They contain no petroleum, and they are nontoxic and biodegradable.

10) The Environmental Protection Agency.

3. Match the target words with the definitions below. You may infer their meaning from context.

1) j. evolution

2) s. solar

3) a. architect 8) f. crusade

4) l. geothermal 5) p. preserve 9) h. distribute

) b. biodegradable 7) r. radioactive 10) q. radiant 11) i. domestic 12) t. validation 16) n. install

13) k. generator 14) d. capture

15) g. definitely20) c. blade

17) e. consumption 18) m. harness 19) o. internal

4. For open discussion

Reading 3 Types of Pollution

5. Read the definitions below and choose the words that fit these definitions.

1) voluntary

2) construction

3) contamination 8) irrigation

13) vapor 18) underground

4) eruption 9) confine 14) decay

6) deforestation 7) yield 11) hazardous 12) residential 16) disrupt

17) particulate

10) sewage

15) erosion

5) regulation

19) concentration 20) combat

6. Match each paragraph with its main idea.

Paragraphs Main ideas (_k_) Para. A (_s_) Para. B (_z_) Para. C (_f_) Para.D (_o_) Para. E a. Definition and sources of noise pollution. b. Characteristics of radioactive pollution. c. Effects of water pollution. d. Consequences of radiation pollution. e. Causes of thermal pollution. (_x_) Para.F (_c_) Para. G (_y_) Para. H (_q_) Para. I (_v_) Para. J (_a_) Para. K (_i_) Para. L (_b_) Para. M (_l_) Para. N (_d_) Para. O (_w_) Para. P (_e_) Para. Q

f. Effects of air pollution. g. Problems caused by thermal pollution. h. Undesirable results caused by light pollution. i. Damages caused by noise pollution. j. Causes and harms of visual pollution. k. A general description of the 9 recognized sources of pollution. l. Sources of radioactive pollution. m. Effects of visual pollution. n. Sources of visual pollution. o. What is water pollution. p. Definition and sources of personal pollution. q. Soil pollution sources.

Paragraphs Main ideas (_g_) Para. R (_u_) Para.S (_h_) Para. T (_j_) Para. U (_n_) Para. V (_m_) Para. W (_p_) Para. X (_t_) Para.Y (_r_) Para. Z

r. The interrelations among all kinds of pollution. s. The definition of air pollution. t. How to eliminate personal pollution. u. Definition and sources of light pollution v. Problems caused by soil pollution. w. Definition of thermal pollution. x. Causes of water pollution. y. Definition of soil pollution. z. Sources of air pollution.

7. Decide which of the statements can be inferred from Reading 3, and then write down the number

of the paragraph(s) from which your answer most probably comes, leaving the explicit or false statements unnumbered, but using E or F respectively to indicate that they are explicit or false. Discuss your answers with a partner.

Paragraphs (Marked I, or E or F) Para. Z Statements 1. A knowledge of different pollution types enables a person to change his lifestyle. 2. Thermal pollution is caused by too much heat which creates unfavorable effects over a long time. 3. If the air is f illed with a high concentration of pollutants, it would lead to obvious problems. 4. Noise pollution may lead to deafness or interrupt the normal life of wild animals. 5. Water pollution may result in an insufficient supply of drinkable water. 6. Since visual pollution causes few immediate health effects, it is not serious at all. E Para. D Para. L Para. E F