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2012词汇学复习资料

The development of the English Vocabulary

1. Indo-European Language Family

The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族 Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary.

Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语

Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语 Czech捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian

Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系 Bengali孟加拉语 Romany，吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语

Portuguese Spanish

Italic意大利语族 Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 French

Indo-European Language Family

Irish Celtic凯尔特语 Breton Scottish

Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic，冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 Germanic Swedish瑞典语 日尔曼语言 English Dutch Flemish German

Hellenic，古希腊语 - Greek

Chapter 1

A General Survey of A Word

The Definition of Word

? A word is

(1) A minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity;

(3) a unity of meaning;

(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.

A word is a minimal free form that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. A word is a smallest unit of a language.

1. The development of English vocabulary

The history of English language can be divided into 3 periods: a/ Old English period (449—1100)

The former inhabitants, the Celtic, the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons and Jutes Anglo-Saxon as Old English, Old English contains 50-60 thousand words, which consists of the basic word stock. b/ Middle English period (1100-1500)

characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066.The French loan words were found in law and governmental administration (judge, justice) c/ Modern English period (1500--)

the early stage of this period ( including the years between 1500-1700), the Renaissance brought great changes to the vocabulary. borrowing from Latin, Latin were now mostly connected with science and abstract ideas. Greek borrowings were mostly literary, technical and scientific words

2.Classification of English Words According to Different Criteria A. By Origin: native words and loan (borrowed ) words

In English language, most native words in Modern English are monosyllabic. They form the great majority of the basic word stock of English language. The fundamental features of the basic word stock are:

1. National character; 2. Stability; 3. Word-forming ability; 4. Ability to form collocations Since the great majority of the basic word stock are native words, they are naturally the ones used most frequently in everyday speech and writing. B. By level of usage

1. Common words ( P11 words connected with ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life: “The repeated telephone calls only annoyed me but made my sister very angry.”)

2. Literary words (P12 words are chiefly used in writing, formal speeches, e.g. Feeling fatigued, Tom retired early.): a. Archaic words; b. Poetical words See P13

3. Colloquial words: Words used mainly in spoken English, in conversation among friends and colleagues,e.g. “John was fired for petty thieving” 4. Slang words

C. By notion: function words and content ( P 17)

? function words are short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries, and

so on, they serve grammatical meaning

? Content words have lexical meaning, such as nouns, main verbs, adj and adv.e.g. The passerby

was hit by the truck.

Chapter 2

Word-Structure and Word-Formation(1)

1. The definition of morpheme

1.1 What is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language?- morpheme

What are words composed of? - Words are formed by morphemes. A word is the smallest unit that stands alone to communicate meaning.

1.2 What are the Chinese equivalents of morpheme? 语素 词素 -形位

2.1 Morphemes may be classified into free and bound.

Free morphemes, also called content morphemes, may constitute words by themselves. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. So we may say that free morphemes are free roots.

Bound morphemes = Bound root + affixes, known as grammatical morphemes, must appear with at least one other morpheme, either free or bound. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words, e.g. recollection, idealistic, ex-prisoner

2.2 Morphemes may also be classified into roots (or root morphemes) and affixes (or affixational morphemes). Task:

(1) Read the following words and find the root in each word. heart, hearten, dishearten, heartless, hearty, heartiness, sweetheart, heartbroken, kind-hearted, whole-heartedly. (2) What is your definition of root?

A root is the part of the word-form which remains when all the affixes have been removed. (3) Is a root necessarily a free morpheme? Why? 2.2.1 Two types of roots - Free root

In English, many roots are free morphemes, such as black in black, blackboard, blacksmith. - Bound root

However, there are quite a number of roots which cannot exist on their own and thus belong to the class of bound morphemes. For example, ceive in receive, conceive, perceive, deceive; mit in permit, commit, submit; tain in retain, contain, maintain; cur in recur, occur, incur, etc. these roots cannot be used to form new words. 2.2.2 Two types of affixes

Affix is a collective term for the type of formative (构词成分) that can be used only when added to another morpheme.

- Inflectional affixes (or inflectional morphemes) serve to express the following meanings:

(1) plurality: e.g. -s in chairs, pens; -es in boxes, tomatoes; en in oxen.

(2) the genitive case: e.g. ’s in boy’s, children’s. (3) the verbal endings: for example,

a. -(e)s in words like eats, teaches shows the third person singular present tense.

b. -ing in words like eating, teaching shows the present participle or gerund.

c. -(e)d in words like worked, saved shows the past tense or past participle.

(4) the comparative and superlative degrees:

e.g. -er in words like smaller, harder; -est in words like smallest, hardest.

- Derivational affixes (or derivational morphemes) can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.