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二轮复习语法精讲之五:虚拟语气
虚拟语气(the subjunctive mood),又称假设语气,是谓语动词的一种形式,表示说话人叙述的内容与事实相反,在现实中并不存在,或实现的可能性很小。
一、动词的语气
语气用来区别讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中的语气(mood)有三种,分别是陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。
1.陈述语气
陈述语气一般用来叙述事实或就事实提出询问,主要用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。
Where there is a will, there's a way.有志者事竟成。
Can you help me carry the box upstairs你能帮我把箱子搬到楼上吗?
How I missed the life in the countryside! 我多么想念乡村的生活啊!
2.祈使语气
祈使语气表示说话人向对方提出请求或下达命令。 Come this way, please! 请这边走。 Don't make any noise, will you别吵,行吗?
Do be careful when crossing the street.过马路时一定要小心。 3.虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。
If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟,我就能
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在空中飞行。
I wish it were spring all the year round.但愿四季如春。 May good luck be yours! 祝你好运! 二、条件句中的虚拟语气
英语中条件从句有两类,一类是真实条件句,另一类是非真实条件句。如果假设的情况可能发生,是真实条件句;如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的,则是虚拟条件句。
A.真实条件句
真实条件句表示的假设是可能发生或实现的,主句和从句的谓语动词都要用陈述语气。
If he doesn't come at 8, we won't wait for him.如果他八点不来,我们就不等他了。
If a flood happened in the past, there was usually a great loss of life and property. 过去发生洪水的话,常有很大的生命和财产损失。
We shall go there unless it rains tomorrow.如果明天不下雨,我们将去那里。
I'll let you use my bike on condition that you keep it clean.如果你能保持车子干净,我就让你用我的自行车。
B.非真实条件句
在含有非真实条件句的复合句中,主句和从句的谓语动词都要用虚拟语气,其构成有三种形式:
与现在事实相反 if条件句的谓语:were did 主句的谓:would (could/should/might) + do 与过去事实相反 if条件句的谓语:had done 主句的谓:would(could/should/might) + have done
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与将来事实相反 if条件句的谓语:did/were 主句的谓:should do would (could/should/might) + do were to do
1.表示与现在事实相反的条件
条件从句用动词的过去式(be动词用were),主句用should(第一人称)或would(全部人称)+动词原形。可用情态动词could, might代替should, would表示情态。
If it were Sunday tomorrow, I would go and see my friends.明天要是星期天的话,我就去看望我的朋友。
If I were you, I should go and try.我要是你,我就去试试。 If wishes were horses, beggars might ride. 如果幻想能成为马匹,叫花子都有了坐骑
I would go if they treated me like a slave.要是他们把我当奴隶对待,我就走。
2.表示与过去事实相反的条件
条件从句用动词的过去完成时,主句用should(第一人称)或would(全部人称)+have done,也可用could, might代替should, would。
If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have telephoned you.如果昨天我知道你的电话号码,我就给你打电话了。
If it had not rained this morning, I should have gone shopping.今天早上要是没下雨,我就去买东西了。
The flood might have caused great damages to the people if we had not built so many reservoirs.倘若我们没有修建这么多的水库,洪水就会使人民遭受巨大的损失。
3.表示在将来不太可能实现的条件
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