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三．简答题

1. What are the characteristics of culture? Learned, adaptive, pervasive, integrated, dynamic. 2. What is the nature of culture? 1. Culture is like an iceberg. 2. Culture is our software.

3. Culture is like the water a fish swims in. 4. Culture is the grammar of our behavior.

3. What are the characteristics of communication?

Communication is dynamic, systematic, symbolic, irreversible, transactional, self-reflective and contextual.

4. What are the components of communication? Message, sender, receiver, channel, noise and feedback

5. What are the barriers to effective intercultural communication? (1) Assumptions of similarities (2) Language differences (3) Nonverbal misinterpretations (4) Preconceptions and stereotypes (5) Tendency to evaluate (6) High anxiety or tension

6. What are the categories of nonverbal communication? 1.ocuelsics 2. olfactics 3. haptics 4. kinesics 5. chromatics 6. attire 7. What are the four modes of acculturation?

Assimilation: is a process in which members of an ethnic group are absorbed into the dominant culture, losing their culture in the process.

Integration: is a process of desiring a high level of interaction with the host culture while maintaining identity with their native culture.

Separation and segregation: Separation is when individuals prefer low levels of interaction with the host culture and associated micro-cultural groups while desiring a close connection with, and reaffirmation of, their native culture. If such separation is initiated and enforced by the dominant society, this is called segregation

Marginalization:Marginalization occurs when the individual chooses not to identify with his or her native culture or with the host culture.

8. What are the four stages of the U-curve pattern intercultural adaptation? 1.Honeymoon//Crisis//Adjustmen//Biculturalism Period 9. How is sex different from gender? Sex: biological, permanent, individual property.

Gender: socially constructed, varied over time and across cultures, social and relational quality

The differences between sex and gender are sex refers to biological differences gender describes the characteristics that a society or culture delineates/describes as masculine or feminine

10. How to distinguish high context culture from low context culture?(了解) 11. What are the forms of culture shock?

1. Language shock 2.Role shock 3.Transition shock 4.Cultural Fatigue 5. Education Shock 6.Adjustment Stress 7.Culture Distance 12. What are the components of cultural patterns? Beliefs, values, norms and social practices

13. What are the differences between Chinese and English compliments? 80% of English compliments are of adjectives type. 16% make use of verbs.

In Chinese, positive words expressing compliments are mainly adjectives, adverbs and verbs.

Native English speakers tend to accept the compliments, at least in form, whereas the Chinese tend to efface themselves in words, although they do feel comfortable about the compliments.

14. What are the differences between direct and indirect verbal communication styles?

In the direct verbal style, statements clearly reveal the speaker’s intentions.

E.g. U.S. Americans tend to use a straightforward form of request. In the indirect verbal style, on the other hand, verbal statements tend to hide the speaker’s actual intentions.

E.g. Chinese tend to ask for a favor in a more roundabout and implicit way. 15. What does the power distance measure according to Hofstede?

（选择题20）