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语 法 部 分
第一讲
动词不定式
? 一般式 （not）to do（not）to be done ? 进行式 （not） to be doing 无被动
? 完成式 （not）to have done ( not) to have been done ? 动词不定式的否定式...not to do... Tell him not to shut the window… 动词不定式的时态
1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。 He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. He seems to have caught a cold.
3) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。 He seems to be eating something. 4) 完成进行时：
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years. 动词不定式的语法功能 一、作主语
(1)把不定式置于句首。如：
To get there by bike will take us half an hour.
(2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如： It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. It作为形式主语的常见句型 ①It＋be＋名词＋to do
It's our duty to take good care of the old. ②It takes sb+some time+to do
How long did it take you to finish the work? ③It＋be+形容词＋for sb＋to do
It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.
④It＋be＋形容词＋of sb＋to do
It is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says. ⑤It seems(appears)＋形容词＋to do It seemed impossible to save money. 二、作宾语
? 1) 以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语
? afford，agree，aim, appear，arrange，ask，attempt，care，choose，claim，condescend（屈尊），consent，decide，demand，determine，endeavor（竭
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力），expect，fail，help，hesitate，hope，learn，manage，neglect，offer，plan，prepare，pretend，proceed，promise，prove，refuse，resolve，seem，swear（发誓），tend，threaten，undertake，volunteer，vow，want，wish 举例：
The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。 2） 动词+疑问词+ 不定式
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Eg: Please show us how to do that.
I can't make up my mind which to buy. 3)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语＋动 词＋it＋补语＋to do句式。如： We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well. 三、作宾语补足语
1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
advise allow believe cause challenge compel declare encourage induce instruct invite like order persuade remind request require select send suppose tell train urge
例.Father will not allow us to play on the street. We believe him to be guilty. Find 的特殊用法：
Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语（it），再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。 I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 2) to + be 的不定式结构
例：We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
例：Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 四、作表语
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。 To do two things at a time is to do neither.一次做两件事等于未做。 What I would suggest is to start work at once.
2)如果主语是不定式(表示条件)，表语也是不定式(表示结果)。 To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living.工作就是为了生活。 五、作状语
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1）目的状语
only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. I come here only to say good-bye to you.
2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。 What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing. 3)表原因
I'm glad to see you.
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___. A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on 六、作定语
不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如： ①The next train to arrive is from Washington. ②Do you have anything to be taken to your sister? ③Do you have anything to say on the question?
④Would you please give me some paper to write on? ⑤My wish to visit France has come true at last. 省to 的动词不定式
1） 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to)： 2） 实意动词 let, have, make：
The boss made them work the whole night. They were made to work the whole night.
3） 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。 I saw him dance. 4） 表示个人意愿或倾向的would rather，had better，might(just) as well：rather than置于句首时。
? Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bike. 5) 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去： ? He wants to move to France and marry the girl. 分词 一. 现在分词
动词原型+ing 可在句中充当表语，定语，状语，宾语补足语等。 1) 做表语：That book was rather boring.
2) 作定语：That must have been a terrifying experience. There are a few boys swimming in the river.
现在分词短语作定语放在名词后 ，相当于一个定语从句 There is a car waiting outside 3) 作状语
Following Tom, we started to climb the mountain. （表伴随） Being unemployed, he hasn’t got much money.（表原因） Returning home, he began to do his homework.