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第三大题
Chapter 2
1. What were Queen Victoria’s major achievements?
Queen Victoria made tremendous achievements in almost every aspect. She promoted further industrialization, the building of railways and the growth of trade and commerce. During her reign, Britain developed into an empire
including about a quarter of the global population and a quarter of the world’s landmass.
2. What were the two camps in World WarⅠ?
In WorldⅠthe two camps were the Central Powers-mainly Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Turkey and the Allies-mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy and from 1917,the United States.
3. Why did Britain cooperate closely with the United States after World WarⅡ?
Britain cooperated closely with the United States after World WarⅡsince they were allied during World WarⅡand shared the same concerns about the Soviet Union.
Chapter 5
1. What used to be the major functions of grammar schools and vocational schools in Britain?
Grammar schools were to train the most academically capable students and prepare them for university, whereas vocational schools were to help the less successful students to learn a trade.
2. What kind of subjects do British comprehensive schools provide?
British comprehensive schools provide a general education, offering both academic subjects like literature and science, and more practical subjects like cooking and carpentry.
3. In what ways do British universities enjoy complete academic freedom?
British universities enjoy complete academic freedom because they can appoint their own staff, decide which students to admit, provide their own courses and award their own degrees.
4. What role does the media play in British leisure culture?
The media plays an essential role in Britain leisure culture since it helps to
shape the public’s opinion, determine people’s moral and political orientation and consolidate or undermine the rule of a government.
Chapter 10
1. What are the two characteristics of the U.S. constitution?
One is “checks and balances”, the other is that the power of the federal government and of the state governments are specified in the Constitution.
2. What are the qualifications for a senator and a representative respectively?
A senator must be over 30 years old,a U.S. citizen for at least nine years, and a resident in the state which they represent . A representative should be at least 25
years old and a U.S. citizen for no less than seven years. 3. What are the major powers of the supreme court?
a) to interpret laws
b) to hear appeals from any federal court cases;
c) to hear appeals from state court cases that involve the constitution or nation
al laws
d) may declare a law unconstitutional
e) may declare a presidential act unconstitutional.
4. What is the difference between the democrats and the republicans in terms of political opinions?
Generally speaking, the Democrats Party has a liberal ideology, while the Republicans Party is more conservative.
The democrats want the government to play an important role in the economy and emphasize full employment as a matter of national concern they favor civil rights laws , a strong social security system which gives enterprises a greater freedom and demand that the government control inflation. They stress the need for law and order, and oppose complete government social programs and free choice of abortion they also favor a strong military posture and assertive stand in international relations.
Chapter 11
1. What industry developments took place during the colonial period of America?
During the colonial period ,the secondary industries developed as the colonies grew . a variety of specialized sawmills and gristmills appeared. Colonists established shipyards to build fishing fleets and trading vessels . they also built small iron forges . by the 18th century , regional patterns of development in America had become clear.
2. How did the civil war affect the American economy?
After the civil war , the large southern cotton plantations became much less profitable . northern industries , which had expanded rapidly because of the demands of the war ,surged ahead.
3. Why does America try to reduce trade barriers?
Because the united states has increasingly realized that open bilateral trade will not only advance its own economic interests, but also enhance domestic stability and its peaceful relationship with other nations.
Chapter 12
1. How does an American university choose its applicants?
a)their high school records;
b) recommendations from their high school teachers;
c) the impression they make during interviews at the university; d) their scores on the SAT.
2. What functions do American higher education institutions perform?
Higher education institutions in the united states have three functions: teachin
g , research and public service , and each has its own emphasis with regard to its function .
3. What similarities do four famous university share?
They all have a long history , they all have an excellent faculty , a large number of students and have made extensive academic achievements. Some of their graduates are very successful or influential in some areas such as politics, arts and business.
4. What are the origins of thanksgiving day?
Thanksgiving is associated with the time when Europeans first came to the new world , in 1620,the mayflower arrived and brought about 150 pilgrims. Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food , so many of them died. During the following summer the native America helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest. So they held a big celebration to thank god and the native Americans. 第四大题
Chapter 2
1. What were the results of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?
The Industrial Revolution changed Britain in many ways. First, its industrial productivity increased dramatically. Britain became the most advanced industrial country in the world. Second, urbanization took place. Many new cities sprang up. Third, it caused great changes in the social class structure. The capitalist class became the most important force in the country and the proletariat class emerged.
2. Explain the rise and fall of the British Empire.
Colonization of Newfoundland in 1583 marked the beginning of the British Empire. By 1837, Britain had been an empire which include the colonies in Canada, India and many small states in the West Indies. During the mid-19th century, the British government consolidated the existing colonies by bringing them under the direct control of the government. By the end of the 19th century, the British Empire included about a quarter of the global population and a quarter of the world’s landmass. Before World WarⅠ, Britain was the largest colonial empire in the world. However, Britain suffered a great loss of its
manpower in the two World Wars and exhausted its reserves of gold, dollars and overseas investment. Most of Britain’s colonies gained independence as a result of World WarⅡ,which inevitably led to fall of the British Empire.
Chapter 5
1. What are the general features of Britain’s independent schools?
Britain’s independent schools require fees from students. Although the National Curriculum is optional in the independent system, most independent schools teach what the curriculum demands. Independent schools get their funding through the private sector as well as tuition fees, with minimal
government assistance. Since the are generally better funded than most state schools, they are likely to recruit the best teachers and provide superior facilities. However, the high tuition fees have become an obstacle for many students to enroll although graduates of independent schools are more likely to be accepted by famous universities.
2. What are the “quality press” and the “tabloids” in Britain?
Among the 10daily national newspapers in Britain, about half of them are regarded as the “quality press” since they carry in-depth articles of political and social importance, reviews and feature articles about ‘high culture”, and they are generally read by well-educated people. The Times, The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph are good examples. The “tabloids”, with color photos and striking
headlines, usually cover scandals and gossip about celebrities. A typical example is The Sun on Sunday.
Chapter 10
1. How is the American President voted into office? What are your ideas about the American election?
Each party holds its national convention every four years to choose a candidate for presidency.To win a presidential election,a candidate has to spend millions of dollars,travel all over the country to make speeches and debate on television with the rival.The general election is technically divided into two stages.During the first stage,presidential electors for each state will be chosen.In the second stage the electors meet and vote a President.Since the second stage is only a kind of formality,everyone knows who will be the next President an soon as the first stage is over. I think the candidates spend too much money on the electoral campaigns.And, the election cannot solve the social and economic problems of the U.S. as some candidates do not keep their word after they become President.
2. What was President Eisenhowers foreign policy and what were the consequences ?
President Eisenhower made vigorous efforts to wage the Cold War.He placed new emphasis on developing nuclear strength to prevent the outbreak of war.He also frequently authorized the CIA to undertake secret interventions to overthrow unfriendly governments or protect reliable anti-communist leaders whose power was threatened.The CIA helped topple the governments of Iran and Guatemala,but it suffered an embarrassing failure in Indonesia.In addition,Eisenhower used U.S.power and prestige to help create a non-communist government in South Vietnam,which brought disastrous long-term consequences to the United States.
Chapter 11
1. How did the U.S constitution lay the groundwork for American’s economic development ?
The U.S.Constitution,as an economic charter,established that the entire nation was a unified or \mmerce.It provided that the federal government could regulate commerce with f
oreign nations and among the states,establish uniform bankruptcy laws,create money and regulate its value,fix standards of weights and measures,establish post office and roads,and fix rules governing patents and copyrights.The last-mentioned clause was an early recognition of the importance of \r that began assuming great importance in trade negotiations since the late 20thcentury.
2. Cite examples to illustrate the role of government intervention in America's economic development.
The government has always played an active and important role in America’s economic development.In the early 1930s,thr United States suffered the worst economic depression in American history.President Roosevelt introduced the New Deal to tackle the financial crisis.Besides,he set up the New York State Emergency Relief Commission to help those in desperate need and tried to relieve the serious problems of the jobless.At the end of 1970s, the American economy again suffered a recession.The Reagan administration combated inflation by controlling government spending deficit,cutting taxes and raising interest rates.Both policies mentioned above helped to set the country’s economic development on its right course,In all,the intervention of the government has ensured that economic opportunities are fair and accessible to the people.It has prevented flagrant abuses of the system,dampened the effects of inflation and stimulated economic growth.
Chapter 12
1. What are the ideals that guide the American educational system?
The first ideal is that as many people as possible should receive as much education as possible .The second ideal is that of ptoducing a society that is totally literate and of local control . The third ideal is that scholars and students should work to discover new information or conceive new ways to understand what is already known .
2. How does America carry out multicultural education?
American schools routinely teach the experiences and values of many ethnic cultures.Current textbooks incorporate a variety of ethnic individuals who have achieved success.Struggle for equality are vividly depicted,and past racism is bluntly acknowledged.Cultural pluralism is now generally recognized as the organizing principle of education.Schools at all levels offer students opportunities to learn about different cultures.