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refers to men), slender (for skinny), physically handicapped (for crippled), senior citizens (for elderly people), advanced in age, .elderly (for old).

Unit 6

1.Nonverbal Communication

The messages sent without using words are called nonverbal communication.

2.Verbal and Nonverbal Communication (1)Similarities: Use symbols

Are products of individual

Require that someone else attach meaning to these symbols

Encoding system that we learn and pass on as a part of culture experience. (2)Differences Verbal Structured, linguistic and clear Nonverbal Unstructured, nonlinguistic and ambiguous Conscious Discontinuous Acquired and controllable Unconscious Continuous Natural and non-controllable More universal More emotional in appeal and impact

3.Functions of non-verbal communication

There are six functions of non-verbal communication (P219-221) : ◇Repeating (重复 ) ◇Complementing (补充 ) ◇Contradicting (否定 )

◇Substituting or replacing ( 代替) ◇Accenting (强调) ◇Regulating (调节) 4.Facial Expressions The six basic expressions:

Happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, anger & surprise Facial expressions are innate and universal. 5.Gestures

Gesture is a way we communicate and express by the movement and manners of our hands and fingers. (1)手指的说法

thumb 大拇指 forefinger / index finger 食指 middle finger 中指

ring finger 无名指 little finger 小拇指 gesture country most countries Japan France make a circle with one’s thumb and index finger

Germany Brazil Rude meaning OK Money Zero gesture country United States Great Britain Most of World United States meaning Victory The V sign (from the 1960s era) Peace In England, however, it is a crude connotation when used with the

palm in.

gesture country United States Nigeria, Iran meaning great or good job rude the number one Thumbs-up

Germany gesture country Canada meaning Disapproval United States Greece rude Thumbs-down

gesture moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear country some countries Brazil meaning crazy You have a phone call

Haptics (Touch)

Haptics refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact. (1)“Don’t Touch” Cultures

Japan, U.S. and Canada, England, Scandinavia(Norway, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland), Other Northern European countries (2)Middle Ground Countries

Australia, France, China, Ireland, India, Middle East countries (3)“Touch” Cultures

Latin American countries, Italy, Greece, Spain and Portugal, Russia Case 1

The former U.S. president Richard Nixon once visited one of the South American countries, when he came out of the aircraft, he greeted people by holding both his hands high in the ring gesture, smiling.

However, he received a frustrating reception later in this country. Because the hosts were annoyed at this idea that the president told them to go to hell.

Do you know what went wrong here? The ring gesture, or we say OK gesture, means In America that you think something good, In Latin America, this gesture was taken as an insult.