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3 莫妮卡对这两个问题都持肯定的意见。 莫妮卡现在 40 岁，有四个孩子，并且是一位拥有 45,000 名成员的公共部门工会的主席。 “我与员工的关系可能跟在我之前的前任男性主管不 同， ”她说。 “我知道当有人不得不打电话来说孩子得了腮腺炎而不能来上班是一种什么样的 状况。我的风格更灵活，这不是软弱，只是多了一点理解。” 莫妮卡的男助理表示赞成：“她
往往放权更多，并总是寻求共识。大家都很开心，也有成就感，因为他们参与了决策，而不
是单纯的旁观者。他们的能量得到了利用。当然从另一方面看，通过协商而达成一致意见需 要的时间要长一些。”
4 So, are the differences symbolic or real? Plausible studies suggest that men are typically hierarchical, goal-oriented and feel entitled. Women, by contrast, manage diplomatically, and share power. That point of view is often challenged and argued. Some proclaim that men and women of similar backgrounds, experience and aspirations basically manage in the same way. This view is echoed by younger women, especially those who have encountered little gender discrimination. That was certainly the lesson for Nicole. When her father died of a heart attack, she was an employee at a petroleum products export company. She quit and took over her family's 160-acre fruit farm in St.David's County. On her first day in the field, a worker called her \\erect and said, ‘You wouldn't have called my father darling and you're not going to take that liberty with me. If you do, I'll fire you.'\ 4 那么，这种差异是象征性的还是实质性的呢？ 可靠的研究指出，男人通常有等级观念， 以目标为导向，喜欢有权力的感觉。 相反，女人则是灵活变通的，愿意分享权力。 这一观 点往往受到质疑和争论。 有人宣称，有类似的背景、经验和抱负的男女，基本上管理方式 相同。 那些年轻女性，特别是很少遭受性别歧视的女性，也是这样认为的。 妮可尔无疑从 中得到了教训。 当她的父亲因心脏病去世时，她是一家石油产品出口公司的雇员。 她辞了 职，接管了她家在圣大卫县 160 英亩的果园。 她第一天出现在果园时，一名工人称她为“亲 爱的”。 “他是想试探我。我气得发抖，”现年 34 岁的妮可尔说。 “我挺直腰板站在那里跟他
说：‘你不会称我父亲亲爱的，所以你也没有权利这样称呼我。如果你再这样做，我会解雇 你。’”
5 When women work for women, a different dynamic often takes over. Susan, a cashier in a Toronto auction house, says that she has explored friendships with some of her female bosses and feels she can rely on them more. While women may feel more at ease with a female boss, men often have to make concessions to the new working styles. Brian, a marine biologist, says, \enough to relax around a female manager. In fact, my relations with her were much more businesslike.\
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5 当女性为女上司工作时，往往会用一种不同的工作和交流方式。 苏珊是多伦多一家拍卖
行的收银员，她说，她与一些女上司建立起了友谊，她感到她们更能够依靠。 虽然女性可
能会觉得与女上司相处时更自然，男性却往往不得不作出改变以适应女上司新的工作方 式。 海洋生物学家布赖恩说：“我花了几年时间才能在与女经理共事时感到轻松自如。事实 上，之前我与她的关系更多只是一种务实的工作关系。”
6 To some extent, the male-female differences come down to conflicting styles. One female vice-president discussed the time she burst into tears during a meeting. \think that tears are a nuclear weapon in a conventional war. They take exception to a woman crying, inferring that she's feeling unhappy or violated.\The men failed to understand that what prompted her tears was not hurt but genuine rage. \it's because we have all this valid rage that has no appropriate release,\she says. \appear composed.\ 6 从某种程度上说，男女之间的差异归根结底是工作方式的冲突。 一位女副总裁谈到她在
一次会议上忍不住落泪的经历时说：“男人认为女人的眼泪就是常规战争中的核武器。他们 对女人的哭泣很不满，认为她们是感觉不愉快或受到了侵犯。” 男人不明白，促使她掉泪的 不是因为受到伤害，而是真正的愤怒。 “我们哭泣是因为我们所有这一切合理的愤怒没有适
当的地方释放，”她说。“女人通过哭来释放情绪，男人通过继续冒犯或掩盖自己的情绪以显 示镇定自若来释放情绪。”
7 Deborah, president of a firm with its headquarters in Toronto, says that even if men do understand, they sometimes react differently to the identical information and to her cooperative management style. 7
德博拉是一家总部在多伦多的公司的总裁，她表示，即使男人明白是怎么回事，有时他 们对同样的信息、对她的合作型管理风格也会有不同的反应。
8 Deborah says that her authority is sometimes undermined by perceptions about her gender. \stems from the whole social context of traditional roles for men and women,\much notice as when Dad told you to do things. Men also have a stronger urge to control,\ 8 德博拉说，她的权威有时因性别观念作祟而受到损害。 “这源于整个社会对男性和女性的 传统角色的界定，”她说。 “妈妈会让你做事情，但也许你不会像爸爸让你做事情那样在意。 男人也有更强的控制欲。”她说。
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9 For female bosses, the great expectation of some female employees is one more obstacle. Junior women assume a female boss will promote them more quickly than a man would. But, they also expect female bosses to be more self-sufficient. \‘Why can't you scan your own stuff?' or ‘Why can't you do your own filing?'\senior female executive. 9 对女上司来说，一些女员工过高的期望是另一个障碍。 职位较低的女员工认为女上司会 比男上司更迅速地提拔她们。 但是，她们也希望女上司能揽下更多的事。一位资深的女主
管说：“她们会问，‘为什么你不能自己扫描文件？’或‘为什么你不能自己整理文件？’”
10 On the other hand, there is no dispute that a few decades ago they would rarely have had a female boss in the workplace. Nina, a management consultant says she's vaguely optimistic. \best management styles will be composed of the best that both genders bring to the table ...\Well, she pauses, maybe not before she dies, perhaps in her daughter's lifetime.
10 另一方面，几十年前人们工作的地方几乎不可能有女上司，这一点毫无争议。 管理顾问 尼娜说自己审慎乐观。 “我期待某一天，在我临死之前，我们会意识到最好的管理风格是由 男女双方带来的最佳组合……”
嗯，她停顿了一下，可能不是在她去世之前，也许在她女儿 的有生之年会实现吧。
Unit 8 Section A Animals or children? — A scientist's choice
动物还是孩子？—— 一位科学家的选择
1 I am the enemy! I am one of those cursed, cruel physician scientists involved in animal research. These rumors sting, for I have never thought of myself as an evil person. I became a children's doctor because of my love for children and my supreme desire to keep them healthy. During medical school and residency, I saw many children die of cancer and bloodshed from injury — circumstances against which medicine has made great progress but still has a long way to go. More importantly, I also saw children healthy thanks to advances in medical science such as infant breathing support, powerful new medicines and surgical techniques and the entire field of organ transplantation. My desire to tip the scales in favor of healthy, happy children drew me to medical research. 1 我就是那个敌人！ 我就是那些被人诅咒的、残忍的、搞动物实验的医生科学家之一。 这 些谣言刺痛了我，因为我从来没想到自己是一个邪恶的人。
我成为一位儿科医生，因为我 爱孩子，也因为我的最大愿望是让他们保持健康。 在医学院学习和住院医生实习时，我看
到了许多儿童死于癌症和受伤流血——虽然对此医学正取得很大进步，但远非
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完善。 更重 要的是，我还看到孩子们能保持健康得益于医学的进步，如婴儿呼吸支持器，功效强大的新 药物和外科手术技术及整个器官移植领域的发展。 我希望孩子们健康快乐，这促使我从事 医学研究。
2 My accusers have twisted the truth into a fable and cast me as the devil. They claim that I have no moral compass, that I torture innocent animals for the sole purpose of career advancement, and that my experiments have no relevance to medicine. Meanwhile, an uncaring public barely watches, convinced that the issue has no significance, and publicity-conscious senators and politicians increasingly give way to the lobbying of animal rights activists. 2 控诉我的人把真相歪曲成一则神话，并把我描写成恶魔。 他们声称我没有道德界限，我
折磨那些无辜动物的唯一目的就是为了自己的职业升迁，而我的实验根本与医药毫不相 关。 与此同时，无动于衷的公众几乎不闻不问，相信这个议题毫无意义，而具有宣传意识 的参议员和政治家们却对动物权利活动家的游说不断作出让步。
3 We, in medical research, have also been unbelievably uncaring. We have allowed the most extreme animal rights protesters to creep in and frame the issue as one of \fraud\consent to the importance of animal research for public health. Perhaps we have been mistaken in not responding to the emotional tone of the argument. Perhaps we should have responded to those sad slogans and posters of animals by waving equally sad posters of children dying of cancer or external wounds. 3 我们这些从事医学研究的人也显得令人难以置信的冷漠。 我们允许最极端的动物权利活
动家渐渐侵入，任凭他们把此类研究诬陷为“动物欺诈”和对动物的仇恨。 我们一直坚信，有 知识的公众会赞同动物研究对公众健康的重要性。 也许我们的错误是没有对这场争论的感 性基调作出反应。 也许我们早应该挥动着儿童死于癌症或外伤的同样令人伤心的海报，来 回应那些关于动物受害的伤感标语及海报。
4 In the animal rights forum, much is made of the volume of pain these animals experience in the name of medical science. Activists deny that we are trying to help and say it is evidence of our evil and cruel nature. A more reasonable argument, however, can be advanced in our defense. Life is often cruel to animals and human beings. Teenagers are flung from trucks and suffer severe head injuries. Young children barely able to walk find themselves at the bottom of swimming pools while a parent is occupied with something else. From everyday germs to gang violence, no life is free of pain. Physicians hoping to relieve the eternal suffering of these tragedies have only three choices: 1) create an animal model of the problem to understand the process and test new therapies; 2) experiment on human beings (some experiments will succeed,
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most will fail); or 3) leave medical knowledge static, hoping that accidental discoveries will lead us forward.
4 动物权利论坛大肆宣扬我们如何以医学的名义使这些动物经受巨大的痛苦。 动物权利活
动家们否认我们正在努力帮助人类，并说这是我们邪恶和残忍本性的证据。然而，一个更合 理的论点可用来为我们进行辩护。 生活往往对动物和人类都是残酷的。 青少年被甩到卡车 外，导致头部严重受伤。 还不太会走路的孩子们溺水沉到游泳池底部时，他们的家长正忙 于其他事务。 从常见的的细菌侵害到帮派的暴力，没有谁能不受伤害。 医生们希望能永远 减轻这些悲剧带给人们身体上的痛苦，他们只有三个选择：1）用动物做实验，以了解整个
医疗过程和测试新的疗法；2）进行人体实验（一些实验会成功，大多数会失败）；3）让
对医疗知识的了解处于停滞状态，希望偶然的发现会带领我们向前。
5 Some animal rights activists would suggest an optional fourth choice, claiming that computer models can create animal experiments, thus omitting actual experiments. Computers can imitate the effects of well-understood principles on complex systems, as in the application of the laws of physics to airplane and automobile design. However, when the principles themselves are in question, as is the case with the complex biological systems of human life under study, computer modeling alone is of little value. 5
一些动物权利活动家会提出第四个选项，他们声称计算机可以模拟动物实验，这样就可 省去真实的实验过程。 计算机可以模拟一些为人所熟知的原理在复杂系统中的应用效果， 就如物理规律在飞机和汽车设计中的应用那样。 然而，当原理本身有问题时，就跟正处于
研究阶段的复杂的生物系统的情况一样，仅靠计算机模拟成效甚微。
6 One of the terrifying effects of arresting the use of animals in medical research is that the impact will not be felt for years or even decades. Drugs to cure infection will remain undiscovered, surgical and diagnostic techniques will remain undeveloped, and fundamental biological processes that might have been understood will remain mysteries. There is the danger that quick decisions by well-meaning politicians will create resolution to diplomatically satisfy the small minority of loud protestors while the consequences and damaging impact of those decisions will not be apparent until long after. 6
阻止用动物来进行医学研究的可怕后果之一是，其影响要到几年甚至几十年后才能被人
知晓：治愈感染的新药物将无法被发现，外科手术和诊断技术将得不到发展，那些有可能被 发掘的基本生物学进程将是未解之谜。 危险的是，那些善意的政治家匆忙作出决定后拿出
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