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水文学原理 Principle of hydrology
Chapter 1 绪论
绪论:introduction
大气圈(aerosphere)水圈(hydrosphere)岩石圈(lithosphere)生物圈(biosphere) 人类圈(anthroposphere)
中国四大水问题(four major water issues in China)
水多(more):洪水(floods) 水少(less):干旱(droughts)
水浑(turbid):水土流失(soil and water losses) 水脏(dirty):水污染(water pollution) 水平/垂直结构(horizontal/vertical structure)
河流学(potamology/river hydrology) 湖沼学(limnology/lake hydrology) 水库(reservoir) 冰川水文学(glacier hydrology) 地下水水文学(groundwater hydrology) 水文气象学(hydrometeorology) 积云(cumulus) 河口水文学(estuary hydrology) 流域水文学(basin hydrology) 全球水文学(global hydrology) 水文学中的环境同位素(environmental isotopes in hydrology)
Chapter 2 水文循环
水文循环:hydrological cycle
海洋蓄水(water storage in oceans) 蒸发(evaporation)凝结(condensation) 大气蓄水(water storage in the atmosphere)冰雪蓄水(water storage in ice and snow) 降水(precipitation)散发(transpiration)蒸散发(evapotranspiration) 升华(sublimation) 凝华(desublimation)地表径流(surface/direct runoff) 融雪径流(snow melt runoff to streams)河川径流(streamflow)泉水(spring)
淡水储存(freshwater storage) 下渗(infiltration)地下水出流(groundwater discharge) 地下水储存(groundwater storage)大/中/小尺度(macro-scale/mesoscale/microscale) 开放/封闭系统(open/closed system)截留(interception)洼地储蓄(depression storage) 地下径流(groundflow)壤中流(interflow)总水量(total water)海洋/大陆(oceans/continent) 咸水/淡水(saline/fresh water) 沼泽(marish)大气水(atmospheric water) 生物水(biological water)土壤水(soil water)
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Chapter 3 流域与水系
流域与水系:Watershed & Drainage Networks
Part 1 基本概念
分水线(watershed divide) 闭合流域(closed watershed) 非闭合流域(unclosed watershed) 水系(Drainage Networks) 羽毛状水系(Elongated shape) 平行状水系(fan shape)
混合状水系(mixed shape) 坡地(Slope) 倾斜面(inclined plane) 收敛曲面(Convergent Camber) 发散曲面(Divergent Camber 流域基本单元(Unit) Part 2 水系的地貌特征
河源 (headwater) 节点 (node) 出口 (outlet) 外链 (External links) 内链 (Internal links) 干流(main river) 支流(tributary river) Strahler分级法 河流长度(stream length)
河数定律(the law of stream numbers) 河长定律(the law of stream lengths) 链长度(Link Length) 横断面(Cross section) 纵断面(longitudinal section) 大断面(flood cross-section) 弯曲率(Sinuosity) 河底比降(Slope of stream bed) Part 3 流域的地貌特征
流域形状 (Shape of watershed) 流域坡度 (Slope of watershed) 流域面积及面积定律(Drainage area and the law of drainage areas)
流域长度和宽度(Width and length of watershed) 形态因子(Shape factor) 圆度(Circularity ratio) 伸长比(Elongation ratio) 河网密度和河道维持常数(Drainage density & constant of channel maintenance) 河流频度和链频度 (Stream frequency & link frequency) 面积--河长曲线(Drainage area-stream length curve ) 高程曲线(Elevation curve)
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Chapter 4 降水
降 水 (Precipitation)
Part 1 降水要素及其时空变化表示方法(Precipitation elements & Temporal and spatial variation)
降雨的基本要素(Rainfall Elements) 降雨量(深) Rainfall (depth)
降雨历时(Rainfall duration) 降雨强度(Rainfall intensity) 降雨面积(Rainfall area) 暴雨中心(Storm center) 降雨强度与历时曲线(Rainfall intensity-duration curve) 降雨深与面积关系曲线(Rainfall depth-area curve)
降雨深与面积和历时关系曲线(Rainfall depth-area-duration curve) Part 2 降雨类型及其影响因素(Types of rainfall and Affecting factors)
气旋雨(Cyclonic rain) 对流雨(Convectional/Convective rain) 台风雨(Typhoons/Hurricanes) 地形雨(Orographic rain) 锋面雨(Frontal rain) 非锋面雨(Non-frontal rain)
Part 3 区域(流域)平均降雨量计算方法(Calculation method of Average rainfall over an area)
算术平均法 (Arithmetic mean method) 泰森多边形法 (Thiessen polygon method) 等雨量线法 (Isohyetal method) 距离平方倒数法(Inverse distance-squared method) 雷达测雨 (Radar measurement of rainfall) 卫星测雨 (Satellitic measurement of rainfall) Part4 降雨资料的检验(Test of rainfall data)
Chapter 5 土 壤 水
土 壤 水(Soil Water) 水文循环(Hydrologic Cycle) 土壤颗粒(soil particles) 过滤(leach) 蒸发(evaporation) 蒸发,散发(transpiration) 水分(moisture) Part 1土壤的质地结构及“三相”关系
土壤质地 (Soil texture) 粘粒(clay) 粉粒(silt) 砂粒(sand) 土壤结构 (Soil configuration) 土壤中的“三相”关系 (Three phases within a soil) 固体(Solids) 液体(Liquids) 空气(Vapor) 固体密度(solid density) 干容重(Dry bulk density) 孔隙度(Porosity)质量含水率(Gravimetric water content) 容积含水率(volumetric water content)
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