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1. 不定式和动名词作主语的区别：

1） 不定式表示具体的动作；动名词表示泛指的一般概念。 He likes swimming. He doesn’t like to swim today. 2) 有时也不区别：

Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. 3) 只能用动名词作主语的情况有：

①“There be +no+主语”结构，表示“不可能、无法”。 There is no getting along with him. There is no joking about it.

②当use，good，a waste of，bore，fun，shame，a pleasure等名词作表语时，通常用it作形式主语，把作为真正主语的动名词后置。 It’s no use talking to him again. It’s no good refusing to do it.

It is a waste of time trying to reason with him. It’s fun having guests for the weekend. 注意：“It’s no use /good+动名词”这种结构可改成“There be+no+use /good+动名词”结构。It’s no use talking to him again.= There is no use talking to him again.

③当,interesting,tiring,terrible,better,foolish,enjoyable,useless,dangerous等形容词作表语时,通常也用it作形式主语,把作为真正主语的动名词后置 It is dangerous risking climbing a tree.

It’s terrible not being allowed to smoke at all. It’s interesting planning a holiday. 4）只能用不定式作主语的情况有： ①It＋be＋名词＋to do

It's our duty to take good care of the old. ②It takes sb.+some time+to do

How long did it take you to finish the work? ③It＋be＋形容词＋for sb＋to do

（常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary 等） It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.

④It＋be＋形容词＋of sb＋to do careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。

It is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says. ⑤It seems(appears)＋形容词＋to do It seemed impossible to save money.

2.不定式和动名词和分词作表语的区别： 1.不定式和动名词作表语的区别：

不定式和动名词作表语相当名词作主语,表明主语的内容,职务与身份,和主语处于同等地位,主语和表语互换能成立,意义上无差别。这时主语往往是抽象名词：work, task, purpose, wish, aim, hope, idea, intention, plan, way, suggestion等。

Our task is to build (building) socialism. Our duty is to serve (serving) the people. Their work is producing (to produce) tractors. 有时动名词作表语表示抽象、泛指,不受具体时间限制,而不定式则表示具体,一次性动作或将来的动作。 Their task is constructing railways.

Their task now is to construct a railway in the Northwest. His job is teaching.

His job is to teach English in a middle school. My favorite sport is playing football. My opinion is to play football tomorrow. 2.动名词与现在分词作表语的区别：

动名词作表语相当名词作表语和主语处于同等地位,指的是和主语一样的东西表明主语的内容,主表互换仍成立。这种结构的主语是job, duty, task, wish 等抽象名词,系动词通常是be；现在分词作表语相当形容词作表语,表明主语的性质或特征,主语的范围较广,可以是各类名词,动名词短语,不定式短语或名词从句,系动词除be 以外,还有look, become, get, feel, seem, keep, remain等。 His speech at the meeting is very inspiring.

Our main task is building our country into a modern powerful socialist one.

The work of these scientific workers is finding new ways to make use of the waste heat. The film we saw last night is quite moving. His job is repairing machines.

注：及物的动名词可带宾语,现在分词起形容词作用,不带宾语,但可用 quite , so 修饰；完全变成形容词的分词可用very修饰,用more ,most 构成比较级或最高级。 Our work is serving the people heart and soul. The problem is quite pressing.

The book is more interesting than that one. 3. 现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别：

现在分词作表语表明主语的性质和特征,过去分词表状态。 The book is very interesting. I am interested in the book.

The news was encouraging. We were very encouraged at the news. 分词能作表语的为数不多,有的已形成形容词。 ⑴常作表语的现在分词有：

moving, encouraging, promising, touching, interesting, inspiring, exciting, pressing ⑵常作表语的过去分词有：

broken, closed, pleased, puzzled，satisfied, surprised, tired, unknown, worried, disappointed, complicated, interested, expected.

4. 现在分词作表语与进行时态的区别,过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别： The library is now closed. The library is usually closed at 10. The glass is broken . The glass was broken by his brother. The present situation is encouraging.

The present situation is encouraging us to study.

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5. 不定式作表语与将来时的区别：

Your job is to clean the windows. You are to clean the windows. 三、作宾语：不定式, 动名词 1.作介词的宾语

⑴一般介词后接动名词

Thank you for giving us so much help.

Comrade Lei Feng was never tired of serving the people. After finishing my homework, I went home. ①stop

They stopped to talk. = They stopped what they were doing in order to talk. They stopped talking.

②try to do 设法…，想法…，试图…; try doing 试一试…，试试看… Try to solve the problem. Try using another way. He came to the city to try to find work .

She tried reading, but that could not make her forget her trouble.

③remember ,forget 接动名词表过去， 接不定式表将来forgot接不定式表过去该做而没有做的事。 He spent six years in learning English. ⑵介词but, except,后接不定式

I have no choice but to give up smoking.

如果but, except 前有do的任意形式，but, except后的to 省去。 He could do nothing but wait for his mother to come. 2.作及物动词的宾语

⑴ 只接不定式作宾语的及物动词有：agree, afford, attempt (企图), arrange, choose, expect, dare, hope, fail(没有), learn, manage, plan, promise, pretend, prepare, refuse, offer(提供), tend (有助于, 趋向…),wish ,want ,ask, demand, elect, long, hesitate等。

I expect to be back on Sunday. He has promised to lend me his dictionary. The car failed to climb the hill. He offered to lend me his bike.

They decided to go to Shanghai immediately. This year promises to be another good one for harvest. We are Learning to produce the new machines. We have planned to go to Beijing next week.

⑵只接动名词作宾语的及物动词有：mind, avoid, consider, enjoy, delay，deny (否定), dislike (不喜欢), escape (避免), keep, practise, stand (忍受),suggest, excuse, require, advise, face, include, imagine, resist, risk, stop, miss, understand, forgive, pardon等。

短语有：insist on, persist in, think of, put off, object to (反对)；give up, leave off(停止,不再使用), succeed in, depend on, pay attention to, look forward to, aim at, can't help, be afraid of, be fond of, be capable of (有…能 力), be sick of 等.

They keep practising speaking English every day. Would you mind repeating what you have just said ? Have you finished reading the novel ?

If you had avoided doing so, you wouldn’t' t have troubled us. A good scientist enjoys trying to solve difficult problems. We are thinking of doing our work better and faster. I don’t want you to risk crossing the river.

⑶ 有些及物动词接不定式和动名词均可,意义无差别：它们是like ,love ,prefer, hate, begin, start, continue, omit, propose, cease(停止), intend(想要,打算), can' t bear They began to study (studying ) English two years ago.

Would you prefer going (to go ) to the bookstore now or later ? ⑷某些及物动词接不定式和动名词都可以,但意义有很大差别：

I remember seeing (having seen ) you somewhere.(表示过去) Please remember to give him the book.(表示将来)

I'll never forget visiting London for the first time.(表示过去) I forgot to lock the door. (表示过去该做而没有做的事）

④regret to do表示对现在的事\抱歉\遗憾\ regret doing表示对过去的\后悔\ I regret to say (that) I can' t go with you.

She regretted missing (having missed) the report. I regret to say I cannot take your advice.

I regret not taking (not having taking) your advice. ⑤mean to do 打算,想要,有…意图; mean doing 意味着…；意思…； I didn't mean to hurt your feelings.

Revolution means liberating production forces.

We mean to accomplish( 完成) the task in time one way or anther.

⑥ need ,want ,require ,都作\需要\用时,接动名词表示被动,接不定式表示主动。 1> need (需要）need to 和 need doing

You don't need to leave so early. The children need looking after.

I need to repair my watch this afternoon, My watch needs reparing (to be repaired). 2> want (想要）want to ,want sb. or sth. to do 和 want（需要） doing = need doing Somebody wants to see you.(want意为\想要\）

I want you to show me with your hearts that here we are all part of one big family. We want this meeting to be a successful one. The matter wants thinking over.

3> require（要求）require sb. or sth. to do ,和 require（需要） require doing = need doing One of Hitler's orders required all the people to bow before him. These young trees will require looking after. 四、作定语：不定式 , 动名词 , 分词

1.不定式作定语指未来的动作,现在分词指正在发生的动作,过去分词指已经完 成的动作。

He has two letters to write.

Please tell me the subject to be discussed at the next meeting. Do you know the man sitting at the desk ?

The professor being talked about will come here tomorrow.

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Have you read any stories written by Lu Xun ? 2.不定式作定语的其他二种情况：

⑴ 在\句型中; 在\句型中;

在\句型中 常用不定式作定语。

She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings. I want to get something to read during the vacation.

There are still two more items to include in the programme. He is not a man to bow before difficulties. He was the first person to think of the idea.

这种不定式如与所修饰的名词成动宾关系,如果是不及物的,其后要加介词。 There is nothing for us to worry about. We must have houses to live in.

She is a very nice person to work with.

⑵在way, method, time, right, chance, ability, means, property, capability, reason, effort, tendency, wish, intention, decision, determination等抽象名词之后常用不定式作定语。 The capability to do work is called energy. There are two methods to solve the problem.

Practice is the most important means to master English. To burn fuel is one way to get heat energy.

The students did not give up their plan to make another experiment. He had no chance to go to school before liberation.

3.现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别：时态和语态的区别

boiling water, boiled water，developing countries, developed countries

4.不定式和现在分词作定语与被修饰的名词都有逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系, 但不定式有时表示被修饰词的内容,分词却不能。

She has a strong wish to go to college.(不用 going) 5.现在分词与动名词作定语的区别 ⑴ 形式不同

动名词一般只以单词形式而不以短语形式作定语,其位置只能放在被修饰名词之前；而现在分词作定语可以单词形式作前置定语,也可以短语形式作后置定语。

reading room , singing bird, the building standing at the foot of the hill ⑵内容不同：

现在分词与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系,相当定语从句；动名词与修饰的名词无逻辑上的主谓关系,而表所修饰的名词的用途。

boiling point = the point at which water boils boiling water = the water which is boiling

a sleeping baby = a baby that is sleeping a sleeping car = a car which is for sleeping

running water, a running track；a walking man, walking shoes; a flying bird, flying condition；reading materials, building materials ; a working method , working people ；leading comrades , a writing desk; a

drinking horse, a drinking glass, drinking water；a dining car( room ), a swimming pool, a burning stick, a walking stick, listening materials, sea-going compasses , laboring people ⑶重读的词不同：

分词与所修饰的词都重读 a drinking horse 动名词作定语只重读动名词 drinking water , 五、作宾补 ：不定式 , 分词

1.不定式与现在分词：不定式作宾补表示全过程,即有头有尾的完整的过程；现在分词表示过程中。 I heard him singing in the room last night. I often hear him sing the song. I saw her crossing the road. I saw her cross the road. 常接现在分词作宾语的及物动词有：“吾看（look at, see, notice, observe, watch），四室(have, keep, leave, catch) 两厅(listen to; hear)，一发现(find)，一感觉(feel)。” I caught the boys stealing apples from the garden. She heard someone singing in the classroom. We listened to him playing the piano yesterday.

I can smell the meat burning .I saw the old woman crossing the road.

常接带to 的不定式作宾补的动词有：know, find, help, ask, require, request (χ demand ) want, expect, wish, long for (χ hope ), advise (χ suggest) cause, get, allow, consider, prove, 和短语动词 call on, wait for, rely on, count on , depend on,

We all know him to be a good student.

The teacher of mathematics asked his students to remember some formulas. The Party calls on us to study hard.

We wait for you to decide.

2. 现在分词与过去分词的区别：时态和语态的不同

I saw the peasants digging the well. I saw the well dug already. I found the students reading English.

The foreign friends found China greatly changed. I was glad to see the job done well .

I have never heard the song sung so well. 常接过去分词作宾补的及物动词有：

feel, find, get, have, hear, keep, leave, like, make, order, prefer, see, want, wish表示一般由别人来做(完成)

He was surprised to find his room thoroughly cleaned. We must get the tractor repaired.

I must make my position known.我必须表明我的立场。 3.某些动词的宾补是不带to的不定式： 使役动词：make, let, have

感官动词： listen to, hear, see, watch, notice, observe, look at, feel, find

Don' t forget to let him do it . The teacher made him do the exercises again. I saw the old man cross the road. I won't have you say such things . They made me do it . Look at the boy jump！

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