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第一章：A word can be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning, capable of performing a given syntactic function The development of English Vocabulary.①Old English (OE) (449-1100)OE is chracterized by the frequent use of compounds. Some OE compounds involving alliteration have survived in Modern English.About 85% of OE words are no longer in use.②Middle English (1100-1500)ME is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066.（law and governmental administration）③Modern English (1500-the present)

The rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary and its causes：A. marked progress of science and technology（software, hardware）B.socio-economic, political and cultural changes（credit card, fringe benefit, pressure cooker）C.influence of other cultures and languages（maotai, sputnik）

classification of English words according to different criteria1. By origin：native words and loan words。Native words(Anglo-Saxon origin of OE) Loan words(borrowed from other language) features of basic word stock:1.National character2.Stability3.Word-forming

ability4.Ability to form collocations. 2.By level of usage(1) Common words: stylistically neutral, appropriate in both formal and informal writing and speech(2)Literary words:chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated style, in official documents, or in formal speeches.A. archaic words: They are sometimes employed in poetry, business letters, legal documents, religious speeches, and proses.B.poetical words（the deep (the sea), slumber (sleep)maiden( girl), etc.） (3) colloquial words：mainly used in spoken English, or in informal writing.(4) slang words（kick the bucket, top-notch teachers, buzz( telephone call)(5) technical words（psychoanalysis, interlanguage, discovery, assault and coversation）3. By notionFunction words: determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries.Content words: nouns, main verbs, adjectives, adverbs.

第二章：The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.

The classification of morpheme：1.free and bound morphemes：A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. A bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance. It must appear with at least one other morpheme.2. roots and affixes 1)roots: A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. A. free roots：In English, many roots are free morphemes.B. bound roots：Quite a number of roots derived from foreign sources, especially from

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Greek and Latin.2) affixes A. inflectional affixes: plurality, tense, comparative or superlative degree.B. derivational affixes (prefixes and suffixes)

第三章：1. Derivation(1)prefixes：Prefixes can be classified into the following categories by their meaning.A. 表“方式”的前缀（mis.co.mal）B. 表“态度”的前缀(anti.counter.pro.re)C. 表“程度”的前缀(super.under.over)D. 表“时间”的前缀(pre.post.ex.pre)E. 表“地点”的前缀(inter.trans.super.over.sub)F. 表“否定”的前缀(un.in)G. 表“大小”的前缀 (mini.maxi)(2)suffixes(1) -ee:加于动词后，表示受事者或施事者(2) -eer: 由其构成的名词有时含有贬义，表达作者或说话人对某人的蔑视态度(3）-er: 由其构成的新词在现代英语中显得生动活泼，带有浓厚的口语色彩(4) -ism(5) -wise: (in terms of, so far as... is concerned)在......方面，就......来说

2.Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shift into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero –derivation.Types of conversion1.①N to V conversionA. to put in/on N 把.......放入.......使.......处于.......

B. to give N, to provide with N 给予，提供C. to deprive of N 去掉D. to ......with N 用......来做E. to be/act as N with respect to像......那样F. to make/change... into N 使......成为......，把.......改变为......G. to send/go by NH.

to spend the period of time denoted by N②Adj to V.Usually this type of verb means \make/become...adj.”Some adjectives can only be converted into transitive verbs.③adv. to V（to up. To down）④conjunction to V（to but） 2.①V to N这一类词常与动词have, take, give, make等词搭配使用形成一个短语2)表示行动的结果（a find, a catch, a cough, etc. ）3) 原动词表示一种行动或行为，转化为名词后表示行为的主体，如：（a bore, a cheat, a sneak, a coach, a good kick）②A to N(1) Partial conversionA. 表示一种类的概念，指具有某种特点的一类人，不指个别人。B. 以-s, -sh, -se, -ch结尾表示民族概念的形容词转化为名词，与定冠词连用，指整个民族C.表示抽象概念，指具有某种特点的东西D.最高级形容词转化为名词，其中一些词用在固定词组或英语习语词组中。E. 过去分词构成的形容词转化为名词。这类词前面加定冠词，不指一般人，而指特定的人。(2) Complete conversion

3. N to A.英语中的名词可以直接用作定语修饰另一个名词，既不需要加形容词词尾，也不需要任何格的变化，这样的定语就是名词定语.

3. Compounding or compositionis a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more words to form a new unit, a compound word.

Classification of compounds1. Noun compounds(1)a+n（hard disk, easy chair, deadline)(2) n+n（mousemat, Dream Team, information highway, etc.)（3) adv+n（after-effect, overburden）(4) gerund+n（chewing gum, reading lamp）

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(5）present participle+n（ruling class, floating bridge(6) v+n（swearword, driveway）(7) n+v（nightfall, toothpick, watersupply, snowfall）(8) v+adv(show-off, put-off)(9）adv+v(downfall, upset, upstart)2. adjective compounds (1) 由状语转化而成的复合形容词（an off-the cuff opinion(临时想起的一点意见）(2）短语动词（a stand-up collar (竖领）(3）动词不定式（take-home pay(扣除税后的实得工资）a cross-border raid(越界袭击）(4）定语从句压缩（a difficult-to-operate machine）3. verb compounds

第四章：Acronymy: Initialism词首字母缩略词and Acronyms首字母缩略词Initialisms(首字母缩略词）Initialismis a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name a technical term, or a phrase.（BBC(British Broadcasting Corporation), VIP(Very Important Person)

Three types of initialisms1.The letters represent full words: （CIA=Central Intelligence Agency ofthe U.S）2.The letters represent elements in a compound or just part of a word:（ID=Identification(card)3. A letter represents the complete form of the first word, while the second word is in full form.(V-Day=Victory Day)Acronyms:are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term,etc.(SAM=surface-to-air missile

SALT=Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)Rapid growth of acronyms and

initialisms :space-saving and time-saving devices Clipping: 1. Back clippings:(ad=advertisement; gas=gasoline )2.Front clippings:(chute=parachute;)3.Frontand back clippings:（flu=influenza;fridge=refrigerator） 4. Phrase clippings:（pub=public house;pop= popular music）

Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in it full form or both of which are not in their full forms.1. First part of the first word+the last part of the second word:（botel (boat+hotel):汽艇游客旅馆）2. First part of the first word+ First part of the second word:（psywar (psychological+warfare):心理战）3. Whole form of the first word +last part part of the second word:（viedophone (viedo+telephone))4. First part of the first word+ Whole form of the second word:（helipad (helicopter +pad) 从文体色彩来看，拼缀词可分为以下三大类：1.俚语或临时语2.科技用语3. 报刊用语

Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.

Words From Proper NamesFrom names of peopleFrom names of placesFrom trdemarksFrom literature