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考研真题与典型题详解

I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研)

2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication.

4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed______

5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______.

6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.

7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing.

8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研)

9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______. (北二外2004研)

10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研)

11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研)

12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研)

13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society.

14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研)

15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic

linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研)

16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, which is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening，

writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors.

19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研)

20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院

2008研)

A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality

of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研)

A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang

3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as______. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal

4. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability. B. Duality. C. Displacement. D. Arbitrariness:

5. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研)

A. articulatory phonetics B. acoustic phonetics C. auditory phonetics

6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions?

A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake. B. The emotive function is to convey message and information.

C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings. D. The phatic function is to establish communion with others.

of the following is a main branch of linguistics? (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Macrolinguistics B. Psycholinguistics C. Sociolinguistics

8. ______ refers to the system of a language, i. e. the arrangement of sounds and words which speakers of a language have a shared knowledge of. (西安外国语学院2006研) A. Langue B. Competence C. Communicative competence D. Linguistic potential

study of language at one point in time is a _______ study. (北二外2010研) A. historical B. synchronic C. descriptive D. diachronic

10. “An refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2,000 years ago. ” This shows that language has the design feature of _____.

A. arbitrariness B. creativity C. duality D. displacement

11. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree Centigrade” is . A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Langue B. Competence C. Etic III. True or False

1. Onomatopoeic words can show the arbitrary nature of language. (清华2000研)

2. Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situations.

3. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language4. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreign language learner, the latter is mere important for us.

5. The features that define our human languages can be called DESIGN FEATURES. (大连外国语学院2008研)

6. By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language. 7. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.

8. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.

9. In language classrooms nowadays the grammar taught to students is basically descriptive, and more attention is paid to the developing learners’ communicative skills. 10. Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or interact.

11. Saussure’s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school of historical linguistics.

12. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.

13. Wherever humans exist, language exists. (对外经贸2006研)

14. Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.

15. Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.

16. Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics, because it can tell us how to speak correct language. IV. Explain the following terms. (北二外2010研；南开大学2010研) features

(南开大学2010研；清华2001研) linguistics

6. Descriptive linguistics (四川大学2006研)

V. Short answer questions

1. Briefly explain what phonetics and phonology are concerned with and what kind of relationships hold between the two. (北外2002研)

参考答案及解析

I. Fill in the blanks.

(人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。) (语言学通常被定义为研究科学的语言，或对语言的科学研究。) (语言是一种口头交流的手段。) (用有限表现无限就是能产性。) (语言学是对语言的科学研究。)

(发现语言的规律而不是规定就是描述性。) (语言学研究是以口头为基础而不是书面。)

(音系学研究支配语音分布和排列的规则以及音节的形式。)

(形态学研究词语的内部结构组织。) (语音学研究语音，以及语音的描写和分类。) (语义学研究词作为词的意义，语用学是在语境中研究意义。) (句法学研究形成正确句子的规则。) (语用学是在语境中研究意义。)

(句法学研究语言中组合成句子的支配规则，或简单地说，研究句子的构造。)

；parole (语言指一个语言集团的所有成员共享的抽象语言系统，言语是指语言在实际使用中的实现。) linguistic (历时语言学集中研究几十年或几百年的时 期内两个或比两个更多的语言状况的差异。)

(索绪尔的语言与乔姆斯基的语言能力相似，因为二者都指抽象的语言知识，不是实际使用中的语言。) (索绪尔用语言和言语来区分说话者的语言能力和言语上(表达的)的实际表现或语料。)

(语言能力指理想的语言使用者关于语言规则的语言知识，语言应用指语言交际中关于语言规则知识的实际使用。)

(乔姆斯基提出了语言能力和语言应用的根本区别。) II. Multiple Choice