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专题十二 动词的语态

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动词语态为贵阳中考单项选择题的必考点，且都与时态相结合，主要表现为初中几种基本时态的被动语态。选项的设置均为一个动词的两种不同时态和不同语态。语境设置在近三年来很少出现明显的时间状语提示，需要

分析语境才能判断出选项。另外，在完形填空、阅读理解和作文中，也会涉及到被动语态。

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被动语态一般现在时→am/is/are＋过去分词 一般过去时→was/were＋过去分词 一般将来时→shall/will be＋过去分词 过去将来时→should/would be＋过去分词 现在进行时→am/is/are being＋过去分词 过去进行时→was/were being＋过去分词 现在完成时→has/have＋been＋过去分词 过去完成时→had＋been＋过去分词

含有情态动词的被动语态→情态动词＋be＋过去分词

1．动词语态的分类

英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。

(1)主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。如：Many people speak English there.那儿很多人说英语。 (2)被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动词的对象。如：Chinese is spoken by many people.汉语被很多人说。(Chinese是动词speak的承受者)

2．被动语态的构成

被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词(用done表示)”构成。常见的八种时态的被动结构及情态动词的被动语态如下：

时态 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 续表

时态 过去将来时 被动语态结构 should/would be＋过去分词或例句 Chinese would be spoken by 被动语态结构 am/is/are＋过去分词 was/were＋过去分词 shall/will be＋过去分词或am/is/are going to be＋过去分词 例句 Chinese is spoken by many people. Chinese was spoken by many people. Chinese will be spoken by many people.或：Chinese is going to be spoken by many people.

was/were going to be＋过去分词 现在进行时 过去进行时 现在完成时 过去完成时 含有情态动词的被动语态 (1)图示

am/is/are being＋过去分词 was/were being＋过去分词 has/have＋been＋过去分词 had＋been＋过去分词 情态动词＋be＋过去分词 many people.或：Chinese was going to be spoken by many people. Chinese is being spoken by many people. Chinese was being spoken by many people. Chinese has been spoken by many people. Chinese had been spoken by many people. Chinese must be spoken by many people. 3.主动语态变被动语态的方法

(2)口诀：宾变主，主变宾，谓语动词用被动 (3)变换步骤：

①将主动句的宾语变为主语。 【注意】

如果主动句的宾语是代词，需将其由宾格变为主格。如：Tom killed him．→He was killed by Tom.汤姆杀了他。

②将动词改为“be＋过去分词”。 【注意】

be动词与新主语相一致，时态不变。如：They held a meeting yesterday.→A meeting was__held by them yesterday.他们昨天开会了。

③将主动语态的主语改为by…放在谓语动词后。 【注意】

如果原主语是代词，则应由主格变为宾格。如：He sang a song.→A song was sung by__him．他唱了一首歌。

4．常见主动语态变被动语态的特殊结构

(1)含有双宾语(即直接宾语和间接宾语)的句子，多把间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语不变。如： Jack told us the truth.→We were told the truth by Jack.杰克告诉了我们真相。

(2)主动语态中有些感官动词(如：hear，see，watch，notice等)后用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，变为被动语态时，要把不定式符号to还原。即：hear(see) sb.do sth.→sb.be heard(seen) to do sth.如：

We heard the girl play the piano in the music classroom.→The girl was heard to play the piano in the music classroom by us.我们听见那女孩在音乐教室弹钢琴。

(3)主动语态中有些使役动词(如：make，let等)后用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，变为被动语态时，同样要把不定式符号to还原。即：make sb.do sth.→sb.be made to do sth.如：

The teacher makes his students do much homework every day.→His students are made to do much homework by the teacher every day.那位老师让他的学生每天做很多家庭作业。

(4)短语动词的被动语态

短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。如：

This is a photo of the power station that has been set up in my hometown. My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. Such a thing has never been heard of before. (5)表示“据说”或“相信”的词组

believe，consider，declare，expect，feel，report，say，see，suppose，think，understand It is said that… 据说 It is reported that…据报道 It is believed that… 大家相信 It is hoped that… 大家希望 It is well known that…众所周知 It is thought that… 大家认为 It is suggested that… 据建议

It is taken for granted that… 被视为理所当然 It has been decided that…大家决定 It must be remembered that…务必记住的是

例如：It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday. 5．不能使用被动结构的情况

(1)连系动词，如：look，feel，smell等，以主动形式表示被动含义。如： The flower smells sweet.这花闻起来很香。

(2)有些动词在后面跟动词ing形式表被动含义。如need/want/require/worth(形容词) Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。 The floor requires washing.地板需要冲洗。 The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。

Your shoes need cleaning right now.你的鞋子需要马上清理一下。 (3) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：

happen，appear，disappear，end(vi.结束)，fail，last，lie，remain，sit，spread，stand break out，come true，fall asleep，keep silence，lose heart，take place.如： The story happened on a cold night.故事发生在一个寒冷的夜晚。 比较：rise，fall，happen是不及物动词；raise，seat是及物动词。 (错) The price has been risen. (对) The price has risen.

(错) The accident was happened last week. (对) The accident happened last week. (错) The price has raised. (对) The price has been raised. (错) Please seat. (对) Please be seated.

要想正确地使用被动语态，就必须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。

6．主动形式表示被动意义