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Q4:How are words classified on the morphemic（语素的） level? P29 paragraph 5
On the morphemic level, words can be classified into simple, complex and compound words（复合词）.
Chapter III
Ⅰ Explain
1、 (p32)Word-formation rules: The rules of word-formation define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words
2、Root, stem and base. Analyze the word denationalized into root, base and stem. Denationalized ①Root：nation
②stem：denationalize ③base：nationalized
Ⅱ Compounding
1、What are the relative criteria of a compound?
(p35-p36)①Orthographic criterion
② Phonological criterion ③ Semantic criterion
Ⅲ Derivation
1、What is derivation?
(p42-p43)Derivation is a word- formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both to an already existing word.
2、What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation?
Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base. Prefixes modify the meaning of the base, but they do not generally alter its word-class. Every prefix has a specific meaning of its own; prefixes are therefore classified according to their meanings.
Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix to
the base. Suffixes frequently alter the word-class of the base. Therefore, suffixes are classified according to the class of word they form into noun-forming suffixes, verb-forming suffixes, etc(p66)
3、How are the major living prefixes classified? Give a few examples to illustrate each kind. （P44） The major living prefixes are classified into the following eight categories by their meaning :
1)negative prefixes (un- , non- , in- , dis- , a- ). eg , unhappy ,nonhero , injustice ,disadvantage , atypical ）
2) reversative or privative prefixes （un - , de - , dis -）. eg , unwrap , decentralize ,disunite
3) prejorative prefixes ( mis - , mal - , pseudo - ) .eg. mistrust , maltreat, pseudo-science 4) prefixes of degree or size ( arch - , super - , out - , sub - , over - , under - , hyper - , ultra - , mini - ) eg, archbishop，supercurrent
hyperactive, outlive , ultra-conservative
5) prefixes of attitude ( co - , counter - , antic - ,
pro - ) eg, cooperation, anti-nuclear , pro-student , counterpart
6) locative prefixes ( super-, sub- ,inter- , trans- ) eg. Subarctic , superacid, transcode 7) prefixes of time and order ( fore - ,pre - , post - , ex - , re - ) forehead , reconsider ,prereading , post-war
8) number prefixes ( uni - / mono - , bi - / di - , multi - / poly -) multi-purpose , monocle , bi-media
4、How can you form deverbal nouns, denominal nouns, deadjective verbs, and denominal adjectives by suffixation?
（P50）answer：1）deverbal noun suffixes: verb-noun suffixes , such as –er in writer , -ee in employee, -ation in exploitation and –ment in development .
2) denominal noun suffixes : noun –noun suffixes , such as –hood in boyhood , - ship in
scholarship , - let in booklet , and –dom in stardom .
3) deadjective verb suffixes : adjective – verb suffixes , such as –ify in simplify , - ize in modernize , and –en in quicken
4) denominal adjective suffixes: noun – adjective suffixes, such as –full in helpful, -less in limitless, -y in silky and –ish in foolish.
5、Give the meaning of the following words and analyze the structure of each word:
（P51） answer: 1) a driver means a person who drives
2) a lighter means a machine used for lightering
3) a gardener means a person who garden 4) a New Yorker means a person from New York
5) a villager means inhabitant of village 6) a diner is‘ a dining carriage on a train‘ 7) a lifer is‘ slang. A person sentenced to