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performance.
the converted word: hurrah(v.) the word-class of it: conversion meaning: 欢呼，叫好，为----喝彩 the base of the word of the word-class belongs: hurrah(n.)
(3)You have to round your lips in order to make the sound/u:/.
the converted word: round(v.) the word-class of it: conversion meaning:弄圆，使---成圆形
the base of the word of the word-class belongs: round(n.)
(4) They are great sillies.
the converted word: silly(n.) the word-class of it: conversion meaning: 傻瓜
the base of the word of the word-class belongs: silly(adj.)
(5) She dusted the furniture every morning.
the converted word: dust(v.) the word-class of it: conversion meaning: 拂去灰尘
the base of the word of the word-class belongs: dust(n.)
(6) It is a good buy.
the converted word: buy(n.) the word-class of it: conversion
meaning: 购买，买卖；所购的物品 the base of the word of the word-class belongs: buy(v.)
Chapter4
1. Initialism:
Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a
phrase；an initialism is pronounced letter by letter.
2. Acronym:
Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc.
3. Blend:
Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.
4. Front and back clipping:
The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.
Back clipping may occur at the end of the word. This is the most common type of clipping.
Front clipping occurs at the beginning of the word.
5. back-formation:
Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of
word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.
6. Reduplication:
Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition(1)of one word like go-go; (2)of two almost identical words with a change in the vowel‘s such as ping-pong; (3)of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants, as in teenyweeny.
Chapter V
1.How are the sound and meaning of most words related? Give examples to illustrate your point. (P93)
Most English words are conventional（常规的）, arbitrary symbols; consequently, there is no intrinsic（内在的，固有的） relation between the sound-symbol and its sense. e.g. house ( English) maison ( French)
fangzi ( Chinese) dom ( Russian) casa ( Spanish)
A more convincing evidence of the conventional and arbitrary nature of the connection between sound-symbol（声音符号） and meaning can also be illustrated by a set of homophones(同音异义词): write, right, and rite(仪式，礼拜式）. They are pronounced the same but convey different meanings.
2.What do we mean by phonetic motivation? （P94和PPT） Words motivated phonetically are called echoic words（拟声词） or onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests the meaning. They show a close relation of name to sense whereas non-echoic words don‘t show any such relationship.
Onomatopoeic words（拟声词） can be divided into primary Onomatopoeia（直接拟声） and secondary Onomatopoeia（间接拟声）.Primary Onomatopoeia means the imitation of sound by sound. Secondary Onomatopoeia means that certain sounds and sound-sequences are associated with certain senses in an expressive relationship.
3.Quote a short poem or passage that shows the literary effect of