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licensing. Bedside nursing is stressed and a good L. P.N. can ease the work load of the R.N. tremendously. This allows the R.N. to give medications and to carry out intricate procedures once assigned only to interns.
Aides are a valuable asset to the nursing team. Usually a few weeks on the job training with pay is all that is required. This job supplements and works in hand both with the L. P. N. and R.N. XV. Topics for oral work:
1. What and whom does the author satirize in this essay? Illustrate your point with examples.
2. Does the narrator love Polly? Is love a fallacy?
XVI. Write a short composition on one of the following topics, using the method of classification for developing your ideas: 1. Farm Work in My Village 2. Physical Training in Our School 3. Some Successful Study Methods
________________________________________ 习题全解
Ⅰ．Ruskin：John Ruskin(1819—1900)，English critic and social theorist，was the virtual dictator of artistic opinion in England during the mid-19th century. Ruskin attended Oxford from 1836 to 1840 and won the Newdigate Prize for poetry. In 1843 appeared the first volume of Modern Painters. This work elaborates the principles that art is based on national and individual integrity and morality and also that art is a “universal language”. The Seven Lamps of Architecture applied these same theories
to architecture. About 1857, Ruskin’s art criticism became more broadly social and political. In his works he attacked bourgeois England and charged that modern art reflected the ugliness and waste of modern industry. Ruskin r s positive program for social reform appeared in Sesame and Lilies (1865), The Crown of Wild Olive (1866), Time and Tide (1867), and Fors Clavigera (8 vols. , 1871-- 1884). Many of his suggested programs--old age pensions, nationalization of education, organization of labor--have become accepted doctrine.
Ⅱ . 1. The writer humorously uses words like “limp”, “flaccid” and “ spongy “ to describe his essay . Nationally he doesn’t believe his essay to be bad, or else he would not have written nor would it have been published. Max Shulman is well-known for his humor.
2. The purpose of this essay, according to the writer, is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, is a living, breathing :thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject, but it is definitely not a living, breathing, full of beauty, passion and trauma. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor.
3. The narrator considers Petey Burch dumb as an ox because he thinks Petey to be unintelligent, an emotional and impressionable type of person. However, Peteyr s worst fault is that he is a faddist, he is swept up in every new craze that comes along. 4. He decided to teach Polly Espy logic because he wanted not only a beautiful wife but also an intelligent one. The narrator wanted a wife who would help to further his career as a lawyer. He found Polly had all the necessary qualities except intelligence. This he decided to remedy by teaching her logic. He succeeded only too well for in
the end Polly refused to go steady with him and employed all the “logical fallacies” she had been taught to reject his offer.
5. (1) The fallacy of accident is committed by an argument that applies a general rule to a particular case in which some special circumstances (“accident”) makes the rule inapplicable. This is the “Dicto Simpliciter” fallacy in the text.
(2) The converse fallacy of accident argues improperly from a special case to a general rule. The fact that a certain drug is beneficial to some sick persons does not imply that it is beneficial to all men. This is the fallacy of “Hasty Generalization” in the text.
(3) The fallacy of irrelevant conclusion is committed when the conclusion changes the point that is at issue in the premises. Special cases of irrelevant conclusion are presented by the so- called fallacies of relevance. These include: (a) the argu- ment “Ad Hominem “ (speaking “against the man” rather than to the issue, or the fallacy of *’Poisoning the Well” mentioned in the text) in which the premises may only make a personal attack on a person who holds some thesis, instead of offering grounds showing why what he says is false; (b) the argument “Ad Miserieordiam” (an appeal to “pity”), as when a trial lawyer, rather than arguing for his client’s innocence, tries to move the jury to sympathy for him. (4)The fallacy of circular argument or “begging the question” occurs when the premises presume, openly or covertly, the very conclusion that is to be demonstrated (example :”Gregory always votes wisely. ““But how do you know? Because he always votes Libertarian. “). (5)The fallacy of false cause mislocates the cause of one phenomenon in another that is only seemingly related. The most common version of this fallacy, called “post hoc, ergo propter hoc”,
mistakes temporal sequence for causal connection--as when a misfortune is attributed to a “malign event”, like the dropping of a mirror. (6)The fallacy of many questions consists in demanding or giving a single answer to a question when this answer could either be divided (example: “Do you like the twins?”“Neither yes nor no; but Ann yes and Mary no. “)or refused altogether, because a mistaken presupposition is involved (example-”Have you stopped beating your wife?”). (7)The fallacy of “non Sequitur” (“it does not follow”), still more drastic than the preceding, occurs when there is not even a deceptively plau- sible appearance of valid reasoning, because there is a virtually complete lack of connection between the given premises and the conclusion drawn from them.
Ⅲ.1. The title of the story is humorous and well chosen. It has two meanings. When “fallacy” is taken in its ordinary sense, the title means: “There is a deceptive or delusive quality about love. “ When it is taken as a specific term in logic, the title means. “Love cannot be deduced from a set of given premises. “
2. Yes, I can. The whole story is satirizing a smug, self-conceited freshman in a law school. The freshman is made the narrator of the story who goes on smugly boasting and singing praises of himself at every chance he could get. From the very beginning in paragraph 4, he begins to help on himself all the beautiful words of praise he can think: cool, powerful, precise and penetrating. At the same time the narrator takes every opportunity to downgrade Petey Bureh. For example, he calls him “dumb”, “nothing upstairs “, “‘unstable “, “impressionable” and ‘“a faddist “.And as for Polly Espy, she is “a beautiful dumb girl”, who would smarten up under his guidance. 3. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry,
pedantic subject, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor. The writer employs a whole variety of writing techniques to make his story vivid, dramatic and colorful. The lexical spectrum is colorful from the ultra learned terms used by the conceited narrator to the infra clipped vulgar forms of Polly Espy. He uses figurative language profusely and also grammatic inversion for special emphasis. The speed of the narration is maintained by the use of short sentences, ellip- tical sentences and dashes throughout the story. This mix adds to the realism of the story, 4. The writer deliberately makes Polly Espy use a lot of exclamatory words like “Gee,” “Oo”, “‘ wow-dow “ and clipped vulgar forms like “delish”, “marvy”, “sesaysh”, etc. to create the impression of a simple and rather stupid girl. This contrasts strongly with the boasting of the narrator and thus helps to increase the force of satire and irony.
5. The narrator does such a final attempt to make Polly forget the fallacies he has taught her. He may yet be able to convince Polly that he loves her and that she should go steady118 with him.
6. The topic sentence of paragraph 50 is the second sentence--”He was a torn man. “ The writer develops the paragraph by describing the behavior of the torn man. In other words, he uses illustrative examples to develop the theme stated in his topic sentence.
7. Because he begged Polly’s love, which was refused. He might get the same result as Frankenstein, who created a monster that destroyed him, not as Pygmalion, who was loved by his own statue of Galatea.