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8. The conclusion is ironic because the whole thing backfires on the narrator when Polly refutes all his arguments as logical fallacies before finally rejecting him. The end of the story finds that the narrator has got what he deserves. He has been too clever for his own good.
IV. 1. The fallacy of unqualified generalization or “a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid”.
2. The fallacy of Hasty Generalization. 3. The fallacy of “post hoe, ergo propter hoc”. 4. The fallacy of Hypothesis Contrary to Fact. 5. The fallacy of “post hoc, ergo propter hoe”. 6. The fallacy of Ad Misericordiam. 7. The fallacy of unqualified generalization. 8. The fallacy of HaMy Generalization. V. See the translation of the text.
Vl. 1. discipline :a branch of knowledge or learning
2. dynamo: an earlier form for generator, a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
3. flight :fleeing or running away from
4. Charleston: a lively dance in 4/4 time, characterized by a twisting step and popular during the 1920’s 5. shed: cast off or lose hair
6．in the swim：conforming to the current fashions。or active in the main current of affairs
7?practice：the exercise of a profession of occupation
8?pin—up：(American colloquialism)designating a girl whose sexual attractiveness makes her a subject for the kind of pictures often pinned up on walls
9?makings：the material or qualities needed for the making or development of something -
10?carriage：manner of carrying the head and body：physical posture bearing：way of carrying oneself：manner
11．go steady：(American colloquialism)date someone of the opposite sex regularly and exclusively：be sweethearts
1 2．deposit：(facetious)put，lay or set down
l 3．brief：a concise statement of the main points of a law case。usually filed by counsel for the information of the court 14．1et—up：stopping；relaxing
Ⅶ．1．fashion和fad均为名词。fashion主要指某人，尤其指文学、艺术界或社会上流人物在某一特定场合或时间内穿衣、讲话等方面的姿态或习惯。fad指由某种感情引起的一时的爱好或者一时流行的风尚。 2?incredulous和incredible均为形容词。incredulous是”不轻易相信的”、”表示怀疑的”的意思，指对某人的能力或意志力持怀疑和不相信态度。incredible是”不可相信的”意思，指某件事不平凡或不大可能存在，因而表示怀疑或不可相信。 3?passion和eagerness均为名词。passi’on指一种强烈的愿望或感情，这种愿望或感情往往会产生一种不可抗拒的或者 必然的结果。eagerness意即”渴望”或”热情”，但往往含有不耐烦的意味。 4．feeling和emotion均是名词。feeling在没有上下文限制的时候，往往指人们在主观上反映的一种高兴或不高兴的感觉或感情。emotion指由于精
神上或身体上受到外界某种刺激而引起的一种强烈的情感或情绪。 5．reveal和show均为动词。reveal指公开或揭露某种秘密或隐蔽的东西，好像是揭开一种掩饰物似的。show指某种事物或者东西”展现”在眼前，以便能看得到和看得清。 6．tempt和incline均为动词。tempt意为”引诱”、”诱惑”，指一种强有力的诱惑，这种诱惑能克服对某一事物的顾忌或推断。incline意为”倾向于”、”有…的倾向”，指对某事物或行动或多或少表现出一种暖昧的心理倾向。 7．exasperation和disappointment均为名词。exasperation指使某人忍无可忍或者使某人失去自控力的强烈愤怒或生气。disappointment意为”失望”、”失意”，指某人对某件事情感到没希望或失去信心。 8．indulge和tolerate均为动词。indulge意为”纵容”、”容许”，指由于意志力的软弱或对事物的热心而对自己或他人的希望或愿望的一种屈从。tolerate意为”容忍”、”忍受”，指以自我克制的态度对待令人厌恶、令人反感的东西，含有”默认”或”宽恕”的意味。 9．amusement和merriment均为名词。amusement意为”娱乐”、”消遣”，指一种令人愉快的精神消遣，尤其是某种幽默的事物或谈笑使人感到很有乐趣。merriment意为”愉快”、”欢乐”，指充满趣味和笑声的某种事物。 10．1anguish和suffer均为动词。languish指由于渴望而苦恼或遭受痛苦。suffer指由于伤害、悲痛或损失等原因而被迫遭受、蒙受痛苦或不愉快的事情。
Ⅷ．1．这几个词都是形容词，指人的智力或感觉等方面具有较高的灵敏性或灵活性。keen指在智力或感觉、视觉、听觉等五官方面是敏锐的或敏捷的，尤指具有解决复杂或疑难问题的特殊能力。 acute意为”敏锐的”，指具有观察到别人没有注意到的某种意义、感情、意见、颜色、音调等的细微差别的能力，也指具有某种非常敏锐的神经注意力，这种注意力持续的时间不长。 astute意为”敏锐的”、”精明的”、”聪明的”，指对某领域或某学科有很深的造诣或者有一定的
体验的能力或洞察力。perspicacious在这些单词中最为正式的用词，强调具有高度的洞察力。 calculating意为”精明的”，”精于算计的”，尤指会打小算盘。2．intelligent指具有善于从经验中学习或领会或对新事物迅速作出反应的能力。 clever意为”聪明的”，”伶俐的”，指善于理解、善于学习，但有时含有”不够深入”的意思。alert意为”机敏的”，指善于观察和行动，强调善于抓住某个时机。bright和smart比较口语化，一般可代替前面几个词中的任何一个。 brilliant意为”英明的”，指具有非凡的智力或理解力。
Ⅸ．1．biology；mineralogy；geology；eulogy；micrology 2．gastritis；neuritis；hepatitis；arthritis；tonsillitis 3．1inguist；absolutist；violinist；chartist；pragmatist 4．buoyancy；decency；complacency；consistency；fluency 5．politics；economics；dynamics；histrionics；dialectics 6．closure；erasure；exposure；puncture；expenditure X．Simile： 1)My brain was as powerful as a dynamo。as precise as a chemist’s scales，as penetrating as a scalpel(comparing his brain to three different things)． 2)First he looked at the coat with the expression of a waif at a bakery window(comparing his torn expression with the expression of a hungry homeless child looking longingly at the bread at a bakery window)．
3)…the raccoon coat huddled like a great hairy beast at his feet(comparing the coat with a hairy animal)．
Metaphor： 1)There follows an informal essay that ventures even beyond Lamb’s frontier(comparing the limitations set by Lamb to a frontier).
2)’“ logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma (comparing logic to a living human being). 3)In other words, if you were out of the picture, the field would be open (meaning that if you’
re no longer involved with her /if you stop dating her, others would be free to compete for her friendship).Hyperbole ~1)It is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect (hyperbole for effect).2)”“ he just stood and stared with mad lust at the coat (an exaggeration to describe his great longing for the coat as “mad lust”). 3)You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars and the constellations of outer space (exaggeration for effect).
Metonomy ~1)Otherwise you have committed a Ditto Simpliciter (Otherwise you have committed a logical fallacy called “a dictosimpliciter ad dictum secundum quid”).
2)You are guilty of Post Hoe if you blame Eula Becker (You have committed the logical fallacy called Post Hoe).
3)’-” surgeons have X-rays to guide them during an operation ~ “ (X-rays are taken as “photographs made by means of X- rays”).Antithesis ~1)It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful (“beautiful, dumb and smart” are balanced against “ugly, smart and beautiful”).2)Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning (“Desire waxing” is balanced against “resolution waning”). 3)If there is an irresistible force, there can be no immovable object (“irresistible” and “immovable” are balanced against each other).
Ⅺ. 1. Vague though its category ““ (inversion to emphasize “vague”). 2)Cool was I and logical (inversion for emphasizing “cool”). 3)Beautiful she was (inversion to emphasize “beautiful”).
4) Eula Becker, her name is (inversion to emphasize the name of the girl). 5)Five