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down or even destroying it.5) I have often tried to conceive of what those pages might contain but of course I cannot do so because I am a prisoner of the present-day world.6) We cannot think outside the particular patterns that our brains are conditioned to or to be more accurate we can think only a very little way outside and then only if we are very original. 41参考译文
我毫不怀疑向现代世界灌输能把我们彻底毁灭的思想是可能的。设想一下，使一个尚未有核弹但技术已相当先进的社会意识到拥有核弹的可能性，并向它提供足够的详细的情况使核弹得以制成，这将会产生怎样的结果。要是在1925年的前后，把二三十页的想法和情报交给当时任何一个大国，就足以改变世界历史的进程。二三十页的想法和情报竟能把当今世界搞得天翻地覆，甚至把它毁掉，这是一个奇怪的想法，但我认为是正确的。我经常试图去猜想这，几十页中可能是什么内容，但我当然不能，因为我被禁锢在当今这个世界里。我们的思想无法超越我们的头脑所习惯的特定思维模式，或确切地说，我们的思想只能极少地超出这个特定的模式，而且也只有在我们的头脑没有被污染的情况下。 42. Methodology
1) Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession.2) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.3) Historians especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of ―tunnel method‖ frequently fall victim to the ―technician fallacy‖.4) Also common in the natural sciences the technician fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.5) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
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方法论对搞历史研究的人说来，其内在原因一直是一个含糊的术语。方法论是指专门用于一般历史研究的概念，还是指适合于历史研究中各个具体领域的研究手段，他们的意见是不一的。历史学家，特别是那些一头钻入自己的研究课题，对其他课题知之甚少而被人们说成是在用“挖地道的方法”的历史学家经常跌入这种“技术专家的谬误”中。这种谬误在自然科学研究中也很常见，它是错误地把整个某一学科看成是对它进行具体操作的某些方面。这种谬误同样出现在历史传统派和历史社科派身上。前者是把历史研究看成史学界内部和外部对各种史料的评论，后者是把历史的研究看成是具体方法的研究。 43. American English
1) Thus the American on his linguistic likes to make his language as he goes along and not all the hard work of the school teacher can hold the business back.2) A novelty loses nothing by the fact that it is a novelty; it rather gains something and particularly if it meets the national fancy for the terse the vivid and above all the bold and imaginative.3) The characteristic American habit of reducing complex concepts to the starkest abbreviations was already noticeable in colonial times and such highly typical Americanisms as O. K. N. G. and P. D. Q. have been traced back to the early days of the Republic.4) Nor are the influences that shaped these tendencies invisible today for institution—making is yet going on and so is language—making.5) But of more importance than the sheer inventions if only because much more numerous are the extensions of the vocabulary both absolutely and in ready workableness by the devices of rhetoric.
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43参考译文
所以美国人在语言方面总在不断创造新的语言。不是学校老师的的所有努力都能阻止得住这种倾向的。新的东西并不会因为它是新的而就失去什么，而是得到些东西。特别是这种新的东西适合国人对简练，生动，特别是大胆和富有想像力的情有独钟。早在殖民时代就可看到美国人把复杂的概念简化成非常简单的缩略语的特有的习惯，如O。K。，N。G。和P。D。Q。这种极其典型的美国语可以追溯到共和国刚刚成立的时候。促成这些倾向的影响在今天还是可以看到的，因为新事物在不断出现，新的语言也就在不断被创造出来。但是，通过各种修辞手段来使词汇扩大的方法是主要的，且可以随时进行的。因而这种方法比凭空造词更为重要，别的不说，用这种方法创造的新词就要多得多。 44. Death
1) Americans who stem from generations which left their old people behind and never closed their parents’ eyelids in death and who have experienced the additional distance from death provided by two world wars fought far from our shores are today pushing away from them both a recognition of death and a recognition of the tremendous significance—for the future—of the way we live our lives.2) Acceptance of the inevitability of death which when faced can give dignity to life and acceptance of our inescapable role in the modern world might transmute our anxiety about making the right choices taking the right precautions and the right risks into the sterner stuff of responsibility.3) Worry in an empty context means that men die daily little deaths.4) But good anxiety—not about the things that were left undone long ago but active vivid anxiety about what must be done now—binds men to life with an intense concern. 44参考译文
美国人的前辈曾撇下自己的老人去闯荡世界，父母死了也不能为他们闭上眼睛。而由于两次大战都在远离美国本土的地方进行，他们也有了这种亲人死时不在场的经历。有这样历史和经历的他们今天越来越不能正视死亡，不能正视我们的生活方式对未来的重大意义。而当死亡来临时，能接受死亡这一不可避免的事实反能使生命具有尊严。接受我们在现代世界上不可推卸的作用可能会把我们担心是否作出正确的决定，是否采取了恰当的防范措施，和是否冒了该冒的险焦虑变为坚定的责任。无事凭空发愁的人等于每天在小死几回。但务实的焦虑，即不是为很久以前留下未做的事发愁，而是为今天必须做的事所产生的积极实在的担忧，这种焦虑能以一种强烈的关注把人们和生活紧密地联在一起。 45. The Method of Scientific Research
1) The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply made by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations.2) There is no more difference but there is just the same kind of difference between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights.3) It is not that the scales in the one case and the balance the other differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.
45参考译文
科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，简单地说，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨的解释的表达方式2耀学家的思维活动和一般人的思维活动之间并没有多大的区别，无非是面包师或屠夫的操作和方法与化学师的操作之间有所区别，前者
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是用普通的秤来称他们的货物，而后者是用天平和等级分得很精细的砝码来进行困难而又复杂的分析。这并不是说面包师或屠夫所用的秤和化学师所用的天平在构造原理和工作方式上有区别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种精密得多的仪器，因而在计量上必然准确得多。 46. Science of History
1) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.2) Caught in the web of its won time and place each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past.3) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. 4) While history once showed its close relationship with literature and philosophy the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past.5) Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.6)During this transfer traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. 46参考译文
几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的研究最倾向于认为历史学是试图重现过去重大的史实并对其做出解释。由于每一时代的历史学家受自身所处的时代和地位的限制，都会重新决定过去对他们什么是重大的。人们之所以对历史研究的方法论产生兴趣，更多的是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次才是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。虽然历史学曾显示它同文学和哲学的紧密关系，但新诞生的社会科学似乎提供更多的机会来提出新的问题，并给予有价值的方法来理解过去。社会科学方法论必须转变去适应一门受历史资料的重要性制约而不是受当代社会的需要制约的学问。在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。 47. Books
1) Since a particular bookstore happens to resemble a supermarket anyway the inescapable though perhaps unintended message is that books are consumable items meant to be devoured and forgotten like potatoes or pezza.2) The implied inclusion of books among the world’s perishable goods is hardly made more agreeable by the reflection that increasing numbers of books these days do seem to be written with just such consumption in mind and that most bookstores have become little more than news stands for hard cover publications of this sort which are merchandised for a few weeks—sometimes only as long as they remain on the best-seller lists—and are then retired to discount store (those jumbled graveyards of books so saddening to the hearts of authors) shortly before dropping out of print altogether.3) Books that are planned for rapid oblivion probably make some kind of economic sense to publishing houses but as contribution to literature they amount to a contradiction in terms. 47参考译文
由于某家书店恰好像一个超市，因此虽然也许是无意的，却不可避免地给了我们这样一个信息：书是消费品，如同土豆或意大利意大利馅饼一样，是供人蚕食后忘掉的。无形中把书确实是为了这样的消费目的而写的就令人感到舒心，同样也不会因为想到大多数的书店已变得虚有其名，成了不过是出售这类精装书的报亭而令人感到舒心。这类精装书卖不到几个星期，有时只要一旦跌出畅销书，就会被抛到打折书店里去（也就是令作家深为痛心的乱七八糟的书坟堆），紧跟着就完全绝了版。准备让人很快忘记的书可能对出版公司有某些经济
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价值，而要说对文学有贡献，则简直是自相矛盾。 48. Chamberlain’s Journey
1) Whatever the enthusiasm of the English who seemed to believe that the Prime Minister was making the long journey to do what Mr. Asquith and Sir Edward had failed to do in 1914—warn Germany aggression against a small power would bring not only France but Britain into war against it—Hitler realized as the confidential German papers and subsequent events make clear that Chamberlain’s action was a godsend to him.2) Already apprised by the German Embassy in London that the British leader was prepared to advocate ―far-reaching German proposals‖ the Fuehrer was fairly certain that Chamberlain’s visit was a further assurance that as he had believed all along Britain and France would not intervene on behalf of Czechoslovakia.3) The Prime Minister had not been with him more than an hour or so before this estimate of the situation became a certainty. 48参考译文
英国人似乎认为首相之长途跋涉是要完成阿斯奎先生和爱德华爵士在1914年所没有做到的事情——警告德国：对小国的任何侵略，不但会引起法国而且是英国的参战，联合反德。然而不管英国方面如何热心，从德国的秘密文件和以后的事态演变看来，希特勒很明白，张伯伦的行动对他来说是一个天赐良机。德国驻英大使早已报告过说英国领导人愿意倡导实行“德国的多方面建议”，因此元首十分肯定，张伯伦此次前来等于是进一步保证，英国和法国，将如他一贯认为的那样，不会为捷克斯洛伐克而出兵干涉。英国首相同他会面还不到一小时，这个事先的估计就得到了肯定。
49. The Requirements of Writing Science Fiction
1) It hardly needs to be pointed out that a prime requirement for science fiction if it is to fulfil the function just formulated is that it be entertaining.2) This is by no means synonymous with jollity or with having a happy ending for tragedy is often more deeply strengthening than victory.3) But the story should be one that absorbs and convinces us and at the same time affords us relief from our daily doings by taking us via the narrative not the didactic route satisfactorily beyond our accustomed horizons.4) Properly to meet this combination of conditions is a job that demands an extremely high order of abilities.5) These must include not only a working understanding of the major principles and possibilities of present-day natural science and technology in the diverse lines relevant to the theme dealt with but also a rounded insight into human relations and feelings a fertile but well-controlled imagination and the exacting skills of a writer. 49参考译文
如果科幻小说要起到我们所规定的作用，那么我们对它的首要要求是要有娱乐性。这一点是无须指出的。但这决不等于说小说要欢快，要以胜利和大团圆结局。因为悲剧往往比喜剧更有震撼力。但故事应当引人入胜，令人信服。同时通过叙述，而不是说教，把我们带出所熟悉的世界，让我们从日常琐事中得以解脱。或许要符合这些条件需要有极高的能力。这些能力必须包括不仅仅在各种涉及主题的方面对当今的自然科学和技术的主要原理和各种可能性有基本的了解，而且对人的关系和情感有全面，深刻的理解，有丰富但不是漫无边际的想象力，和严格的写作技能。 50. The Principle of Evolution
1) Since Darwin biologists have been firmly convinced that nature works without plan or meaning pursuing no aim by the direct road of design.2) But today we see that this conviction is a fatal error.3) Why should evolution exactly as Darwin knew it and described it be planless and irrational? 4) Do not aircraft design engineers work at precisely that point where specific
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calculations and plans give out according to the same principle of evolution when they test the serviceability of a great number of statistically determined forms in the wind tunnel in order to choose the one that functions best? 5) Can we say that there is no process of natural selection when nuclear physicists through thousands of computer operations try to find out which materials in which combinations and with what structural form are best suited to the building of an atomic reactor? 6) They also practise no designed adaptation but work by the principle of selection.7) But it would never occur to anyone to call their method planless and irrational. 50参考译文
自达尔文以来，生物学家一直坚信，大自然的运转中没有计划的或者是没有意义的，它不会通过直接的设计途径去追求目标。但是，今天我们知道，这一信念是个严重错误。为什么进化恰达尔文所理解和描述的那样竟是无计划，无理性的呢？当飞机设计工程师在风洞里对大量的，根据数据制造的机体模型的耐用性能进行测试，以从中选出运转最佳的设计时，他们不也是在具体运算和计划不起作用的情况下，根据同样的进化原理进行工作的吗？当核物理学家经过成千上万次的计算机运算，试图找出哪些材料，以怎样的结合方式，以及什么的结构形式，才最适宜用于原子核反应堆的建造时，我们能够说这中间没有自然选择的过程么？他们也未进行事先设计的适应性调整，而是根据选择原理开展工作的。但是人们从未认为这种方法是无计划的，无理性的。
51和平统一
为促进统一，就要有个适当的方式。所以我们建议举行两党平等会谈，实行第三次合作。大陆和台湾有不同的意识形态，实行不同的政治制度，但绝不能让这一点妨碍我们发展两岸关系，实现和平统一的大业。 参考译文（51）
1) To promote the reunification of the motherland we must find a proper means.2) So we suggest that the two Parties hold a talk on an equal footing and try for a third-time cooperation.3) The fact the mainland and Taiwan have adopted differ end ideologies and political systems should mot be allowed to stand to stand in the way of developing the relations between two sides of the Taiwan Straits and achieving the peaceful reunification. 52大学生
现在大学生的学习压力相当重。除了大四，他们开始找工作了，其余的学生总是忙于学习，而不愿参加校园团体和俱乐部，不愿参加体育锻炼和其他课外活动，不愿与他们的朋友玩玩，不愿关心和学习没有关系的事。总之，他们就像一个机器人。压力大，时间少，功课多。看到同寝室里的人都上图书馆去学习，到深夜闭馆才回，而自己却去看电影，他们就会有一种内疚感。一想到白天什么事都没干，心里就感到不安，会整夜因此睡不着觉。他们学习太紧张，几乎没有时间好好品尝生活，干些其他事，成为一个全面发展的人。读大学使他们失去太多的个人幸福和健康。 参考译文（52）
1) College students now bear heavy academic pressure.2) You will find them—except seniors who are beginning to look for a job—always too busy in studies to join campus organizations too busy to take part in sports and other extracurricular activities too busy to share the interests of their friends and too busy to pay attention to anything that is not connected with their studies.3) In short they have become nothing but a robot.4) They are under pressure to do too much work in too little time.5) If their roommates are studying in the library until it closes at midnight while they go to a movie they will feel guilty.6) The very idea of doing nothing during the day will make them
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