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Foreword By Rajat Gupta, ICC Chairman The global economy has given business broader access than ever before to markets all over the world. Goods are sold in more countries，in large quantities, and in greater variety. But as the volume and complexity of global sales increase, so do possibilities for misunderstandings and costly disputes when sale contracts are not adequately drafted. The Incoterms? rules, the ICC rules on the use of domestic and international trade terms, facilitate the conduct of global trade. Reference to an Incoterms 2010 rule in a sale contract clearly defines the parties' respective obligations and reduces the risk of legal complications. Since the creation of the Incoterms rules by ICC in 1936, this globally accepted contractual standard has been regularly updated to keep pace with the development of international trade. The Incoterms 2010 rules take account of the continued spread of customs-free zones, the increased use of electronic communications in business transactions, heightened concern about security in the movement of goods and consolidates in transport practices. Incoterms2010 updates and consolidates the 'delivered' rules, reducing the total number of rules from 13 to 11, and offers a simpler and clearer presentation of all the rules. Incoterms 2010 is also the first version of the Incoterms rules to make all references to buyers and sellers gender-neutral. The broad expertise of ICC's Commission on Commercial Law and Practice, whose membership is drawn from all parts of the world and all trade sectors, ensures that the Incoterms 2010 rules respond to business needs everywhere defines the parties' respective obligations and reduces the risk of legal complications. ICC would like to express its gratitude to the members of the Commission, chaired by Fabio Bortolotti (Italy), to the Drafting Group, which comprised Charles Debattista (Co-Chair, France), Jens Bredow (Germany), Johnny Herre (Sweden), David Lwee (UK), Lauri Railas (Finland), Frank Reynolds (US),and Miroslav Subert (Szech Republic), and to Asko Raty (Finland) for assistance with the images depicting the 11 rules. Incoterms 2010
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前言 国际商会主席 Rajat Gupta 全球经济一体化使得商业通向世界各地市场的途径空前宽广。各种各样的货物被销售到世界各地。然而，随着全球贸易数额的增加和贸易复杂性的加强，因贸易合同起草不恰当而带来的误解和高代价争端也可能随之增加。 国际贸易术语解释通则，国际商会规则在国内和国际贸易用语的使用促进了全球贸易的进行。在贸易合同中引用国际贸易术语解释通则 2010 可明确界定各方义务并降低法律纠纷产生的风险。 自从1936年国际商会制定出国际贸易术语解释通则之后，此项在全球范围内被采用的合同标准就经常性地更新换代，与国际贸易的发展步调一致。国际贸易术语解释通则2010考虑了免税贸易区的不断增加，电子沟通在商务中的不断增多，以及被更加重视的货物运输中的安全和变化等问题。国际贸易术语解释通 则2010更新并加强了交货规则，将规则总量从13条减少到了11条，并且使得所有规则的表述更加简洁明确。国际贸易术语解释通则2010同时也是第一个使得所有在买卖双方中的适用保持中立的第一个国际贸易术语解释版本。 国际商会的商法和实践委员会成员来自世界各地和多个贸易部门，该委员会广泛的专业技能确保了国际贸易术语解释通则2010与各地的商贸需求相适应。 国际商会向Fabio Bortolotti（意大利）的商法和实践委员会的成员表示谢意，向由Charles Debattista（副组长，英国），Christoph Martin Radtke（副组长，法国），Jens Bredow （德国），Johnny Herre（瑞典），David Lwee（英国），Lauri Railas（芬兰），Frank Reynold（美国），Miroslav Subert（捷克）组成的起草小组致谢，并且向对11条规则的表述给予帮助的Asko Raty（芬兰）致谢。 贸易术语解释通则2010
INTRODUCTION 介绍 The Incoterms? rules explain a set of three-letter trade terms Incoterms?规则规定了一系列在货物销售商业合同实践reflecting business-to-business practice in contracts for the sale 中使用的三字母系列贸易术语 Incoterms?规则主要描述of goods. The Incoterms? rules describe mainly the tasks, costs 了货物从卖方到买方运输过程中涉及的责任，费用和风and risks involved in the delivery of goods from sellers to buyers. 险的划分。 How to use the Incoterms? 2010 rules 1. Incorporate the Incoterms? 2010 rules into your contract of sale If you want the Incoterms? 2010 rules to apply to your contract, you should make this clear in the contract, through such words as, “[the chosen Incoterms rule including the named place, followed by] Incoterms? 2010”. 如何适用 Incoterms?2010 规则 1.把 Incoterms?2010 规则应用到销售合同中 如果要使合同适用 Incoterms 规则 2010，应在合同中明确表明，例如：所选择的 Incoterms 规则（含指定地点）适用 Incoterms?规则 2010。 2. 选择适宜的 Incoterms 规则 所选的 Incoterms 规则需要与货物，采取的运输方式相适宜，最重要的是合同双方是否意欲添加额外的义务，例如将办理运输或保险的义务加于买方或卖方。每个贸易术语的指导性解释中的信息对作出如此的决定非常有帮助。不论选用何种 Incoterms 规则，双方应该意识到对合同的解释会受到使用的港口或地址惯例影响。 2. Choose the appropriate Incoterms rule The chosen Incoterms rule needs to be appropriate to the goods, to the means of their transport, and above all to whether the parties intend to put additional obligations, for example such as the obligation to organize carriage or insurance, on the seller or on the buyer. The Guidance Note to each Incoterms rule contains information that is particularly helpful when making this choice. Whichever Incoterms rule is chosen, the parties should be aware the interpretation of their contract may well be influenced by customs particular to the port or place being used. 3. Specify your place or port as precisely as possible 3.尽可能精准地描述你方地址或港口名称 The chosen Incoterms rule can work only if the parties name a 只有当事人双方选定特定的一个收货地或港口时，所选place or port, and will work best if the parties specify the place 术语才能发挥作用。地点或港口名称越精准，Incoterms or port as precisely as possible. 规则越有效。 A good example of such precision would be:： 以下精准描述就是一个很好的例子： “FCA 38 Cours Albert 1er, Paris, France Incoterms 2010”. FCA38 Cours Albert 1er，法国巴黎，2010通则 Under the Incoterms rule 在 Incoterms 规则下： Ex Works(EXW), EXW 工厂交货（……指定地点） Free Carrier(FCA), FCA 货交承运人(……指定地点)” Delivered at Terminal(DAT), DAT 终点站交货(……指定目的地) Delivered at Place(DAP), DAP 地点交货 (……指定目的地) Delivered Duty Paid(DDP), DDP 完税后交货(……指定目的地) Free Alongside Ship(FAS), FAS 船边交货(……指定装运港) and Free on Board(FOB), FOB 船上交货(……指定装运港) the named place is the place where delivery takes place and 此处所指地点为交货地点，同时风险也从卖方转移至买where risk passes from the seller to the buyer. 方。 Incoterms 2010
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Under the Incoterms rule Carriage Paid to (CPT), Carriage and Insurance Paid to(CIP), Cost and Freight(CFR) Cost, Insurance and Freight(CIF), The named place differs from the place of delivery. Under these four Incoterms rules, the named place is the place of destination to which carriage is paid. Incoterms 规则下 CPT 运费付至（……指定目的地） CIP 运费、保险费付至(…指定目的地) CFR 成本加运费(……指定目的港) CIF 成本、保险费 加运费(指定目的港) 所指地点随交货地不同而不同。在这四条 Incoterms 规则下，所指地点为运费付至地。 Indications as to place or destination can helpfully be further 为了避免疑问和争议，指定地点或目的地可以进一步阐specified by stating a precise point in that place or destination in 述为一个精确的地点。 order to avoid doubt or argument. 谨记 Incoterms 规则并没有给当事人提供一份完整的4. Remember that Incoterms rules do not give you a complete 4．销售合同 contract of sale Incoterms rules do say which party to the sale contract has the Incoterm 规则确有阐述销售合同中当事人的特定义务，obligation to make carriage or insurance arrangements, when 当卖方将货物运至买方时，办理运输和保险义务的承担。 the seller delivers the goods to the buyer, and which costs each party is responsible for. Incoterms rules, however, say nothing about the price to be paid or the method of its payment. Neither do they deal with the 然而，Incoterms 并没有任何关于付款价格或付款方式的transfer of ownership of the goods, or the consequences of a 规定，或是货物所有权的转移，违约的后果等。这些问breach of contract. These matters are normally dealt with 题通常是通过销售合同的明示条款和适用的法律条文来through express terms in the contract of sale or in the law 解决。当事人需要注意的是，当地强制适用的法律有可governing that contract. The parties should be aware that mandatory local law may override any aspect of the sale 能优先于销售合同的内容，包括所选择的 Incoterms 规contract, including the chosen Incoterms rules. Main features of the Incoterm@2010 rules 则。 Incoterms?2010 的主要特征 1. Two new Incoterms ruls – DAT and DAP – have replaced 1.两个新的贸易术语，即 DAT 和 DAP 代替了原来Incoterms2000 的 DAF,DES,DEQ 和 DDU 术语。 the Incoterms 2000 rules DAF, DES DEQ and DDU. The number of Incoterms rules has been reduced from 13 to 贸易术语的数量从原来的 13 个减少到 11 个。 11. This has been achieved by substituting two rules that may be Incoterms2010 用两个可以不顾及已议定的运输模式的used irrespective of the agreed mode of transport — DAT, 新术语——DAT，目的地交货和 DAP，指定地交货——Delivered at Terminal, and DAP, Delivered at Place — for the 代替了 Incoterms2000 中的 DAF,DES,SEQ 和 DDU术Incoterms 2000 rules DAF, DES, DEQ and DDU. 语。 Under both new rules, delivery occurs at a named destination: in DAT 和 DAP 术语都规定需在指定地点交货：在 DATDAT, at the buyer’s disposal unloaded from the arriving vehicle 情况下，从运输工具上卸下货物交由买方处置（这和先(as under the former DEQ rule); in DAP, likewise at the buyer’s disposal, but ready for unloading (as under the former DAF, DES and DDU rules). Incoterms 2010
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前的 DEQ 术语一样）；在 DAP 情况下同样交由买方处置，但需做好卸货的准备（这和先前的 DAF, DES和 DDU 术语一样）。 The new rules make the Incoterms 2000 rules DES and DEQ 新贸易术语的使用，使Incoterms 2000中的DES和DEQ成superfluous. The named terminal in DAT may well be in a port, 为多余。DAT的目的地可以是港口，因此DAT可以用于and DAT can therefore safely be used in cases where the 在Incoterms 2000下DEQ适用的情况。同样的，DAP中运Incoterms 2000 rule DEQ once was. Likewise, the arriving 达货物的交通工具可以是轮船，而目的地也可以是港口，“vehicle” under DAP may well be a ship and the named place of 因此DAP可以用于Incoterms2000下DES适用的情况。这两destination may well be a port: consequently, DAP can safely be 个新的术语，和先前的几个术语一样，是由卖方承担所used in cases where the Incoterms 2000 rule DES once was. 有费用（除了与进口清算有关的费用）和货物到达目的These new rules, like their predecessors, are “delivered”, with 地前的风险。 the seller bearing all the costs (other than those related to import clearance, where applicable) and risks involved in bringing the goods to the named place of destination. 2. Classification of the 11 Incoterms? 2010 rules 2. Incoterms?2010 中 11 种贸易术语的分类 The 11 Incoterms? 2010 rules are presented in two distinct Incoterms?2010 11 种贸易术语目前被分为两类： classes： RULES FOR ANY MODE OR MODES OF 适用于任何运输方式的术语： TRANSPOTR EXW FCA CPT CIP DAT DAP DDP EX WORKS FREE CARRIER CARRIAGE PAID TO CARRIAGE AND INSURANCE PAID TO DELIVERED AT TERMINAL DELIVERED AT PLACE DELIVERED DUTY PAID EXW FCA CPT CIP DAT DAP DDP 适用于海上和内陆水上运输的术语： FAS FOB CFR CIF 船边交货 船上交货 成本加运费 成本、保险费加运费 工厂交货 货交承运人 运费付至 运费及保险费付至 目的地交货 所在地交货 完税后交货 RULES FOR SEA AND INLAND WATERWAY TRANSPORT FAS FOB CFR CIF FREE ALONGSIDE SHIP FREE ON BOARD COST AND FREIGHT COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHT The first class includes the seven Incoterms? 2010 rules that can 第一种分类中的七种贸易术语不用考虑所选用运输方式be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and 的种类。EXW,FCA,CPT,CIP,DAT,DAP 和 DDP 都属于irrespective of whether one or more than one mode of transport 第一种分类。它们甚至可以运用于没有海上运输的情况is employed. EXW, FCA, CPT, CIP, DAT, DAP and DDP belong to 下。谨记只要运输中一个部分运用过船只便可以适用此this class. They can be used even when there is no maritime 类术语。 transport at all. It is important to remember, however, that these rules can be used in cases where a ship is used for part of the carriage. In the second class of Incoterms? 2010 rules, the point of 在第二类术语中，交货点和把货物送达买方的地点都是delivery and the place to which the goods are carried to the Incoterms 2010
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buyer are both ports, hence the label “sea and inland waterway” 港口，所以只适用于“海上或内陆水上运输”。rules. FAS, FOB, CFR and CIF belong to this class. Under the last FAS,FOB,CFR 和 CIF 都属于这一类。最后的三个术语，three Incoterms rules, all mention of the ship’s rail as the point 删除了以越过船舷为交货标准而代之以将货物装运上of delivery has been omitted in preference for the goods being 船。这更准确的反应了现代商业现实，避了以往风险围delivered when they are “on board” the vessel. This more 绕船舷这条虚拟垂线来回摇摆。 closely reflects modern commercial reality and avoids the rather dated image of the risk swinging to and fro across an imaginary perpendicular line. 3.国内贸易和国际贸易的规定 3. Rules for domestic and international trade 传统的 Incoterms 规则只在国际销售合同中运用，此种Incoterms rules have traditionally been used in international sale 交易货物运输都需跨越国界。在世界许多地区，商业集contracts where goods pass across national boarders. In various 团如欧盟使得不同国家间的过关手续不再重要。所以，areas of the world, however, trade blocs, like the European Incoterms?2010 正式认可所有的贸易规则既可以适用Union, have made border formalities between different 于国内交易也可以适用于国际交易。所以，countries less significant. Consequently, the subtitle of the Incoterms? 2010 rules formally recognize that they are Incoterms?2010 在一些地方明确规定，只有在适当的时available for application to both international and domestic 候，才有义务遵从进口或者出口的手续。 sale contracts. As a result, the Incoterms? 2010 rules clearly state in a number of places that the obligation to comply with export/import formalities exists only where applicable. Two developments have persuaded ICC that a movement in 两个新发展使得 ICC 相信向这个方向的改革是适宜的。this direction is timely. Firstly, traders commonly use Incoterms 首先，商人们普遍在国内贸易合同使用Incoterms2010 规rules for purely domestic sale contract. The second reason is 则。其次，比起先前提到的统一的商业规则中的运输和the greater willingness in the Unites States to use Incoterm 交付术语，在国内贸易中更多美国人愿意使用 rules in domestic trade rather than the former Uniform Incoterms2010 中的术语。 Commercial Code shipment and delivery terms. 4. Guidance Notes 4．引言 Before each Incoterms? 2010 rule you will find a Guidance Note. 在 Incoterms?2010 的每条规则前面，都有一条引言。引The Guidance Notes explain the fundamentals of each Incoterms 言解释每条贸易规则的基本内容，比如说什么时候被运rule, such as when it should be used, when risk passes, and how 用到，什么时候风险转移，还有费用在卖方和买方间是costs are allocated between seller and buyer. The Guidance 怎样分配的等等。引言并不是 Incoterms?2010的内容，Notes are not part of the actual Incoterms? 2010 rules, but are intended to help the user accurately and efficiently steer towards the appropriate Incoterms rule for a particular transaction. 5. Electronic communication Previous versions of Incoterms rules have specified those 但是它们能帮助使用者更准确更有效率的针对特定的贸易运用合适的贸易条款。 5.电子通信 上一版本的 Incoterms 规则已经确定了可以被电子数据documents that could be replaced by EDI messages. Articles 交换信息替代的文件。然而 Incoterms?规则 2010中的 A1/B1 of the Incoterms? 2010 rules, however, now give A1/B1 赋予电子通信方式和纸质通讯相同的效果，只要electronic means of communication the same effect as paper 缔约双方同意或存在国际惯例。这一规定有利于促进 communication, as long as the parties so agree or where Incoterms?规则 2010 中新的电子程序的演进。 customary. This formulation facilitates the evolution of new electronic procedures throughout the lifetime of the Incoterms? Incoterms 2010
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