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基本句型 四: S V o O (主+谓+间宾+直宾)
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,如:give给,pass递,bring带,show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人,为间接宾语;一个指物,为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。 一般的顺序为:动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如:Give me a cup of tea, please.
强调间接宾语顺序为:动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如: Show this house to Mr. Smith.
若直接宾语为人称代词:动词+ 代词直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如:Bring it to me, please.
S │V(及物)│ o(多指人) │ O(多指物)
1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。 2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。 3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。 4. He │denies │her │nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。 5. I │showed │him │my pictures. 我给他看我的照片 6. I │gave │my car │a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。
7. I │told │him │that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。 8. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。
基本句型 五: S V O C (主+谓+宾+宾补)
此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。
名词/代词宾格 + 名词
The war made him a soldier. 战争使他成为一名战士. 名词/代词宾格 + 形容词
New methods make the job easy. 新方法使这项工作变得轻松. 名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语
I often find him at work. 我经常发现他在工作. 名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式
The teacher asked the students to close the windows. 老师让学生们关上窗户. 名词/代词宾格 + 分词
I saw a cat running across the road. 我看见一只猫跑过了马路.
S │V(及物)│ O(宾语) │ C(宾补)
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1. They │appointed │him │manager. 他们任命他当经理。 2. They │painted │the door │green. 他们把门漆成绿色 3. This │set │them │thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。
4. They │found │the house │deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住。 5. What │makes │him │think so? 他怎么会这样想? 6. We │saw │him │out. 我们送他出去
7. He │asked │me │to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。
8. I │saw │them │getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。
但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短,这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外,通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语(modifier)而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词(主要是形容词、副词和数词),也可以是各种类型的短语(主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语)。我们称之为:定语、状语
(三)、句子的结构
根据对句子结构的划分,英语的句子可以划分为简单句、并列句和复合句三种。 1. 简单句
句中只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语),句中的各个成分都是由单词和短语表示,这样的句子称为简单句。
The class are listening to the teacher carefully. (陈述句) Is his brother old enough to join the army? (一般疑问句) How many students are absent today? (特殊疑问句)
There are few cars in the parking lot, are there? (反义疑问句) Let’s put off the meeting till next week. (祈使句) How hard these students are working! (感叹句) 2. 并列句
两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词或标点符号连接而成的句子叫并列句。 (1) 并列句的构成方式
① 用并列连词连接,并列连词的前面可加逗号。
Some students are interested in climbing and others are fond of swimming. We fished all day, but we didn’t catch one. It is raining hard, so we have to stay at home. ② 不用连词而用分号连接
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Hurry up; it’s getting late!
She tried her best; she failed, however.
(2)并列句的分类
① 能够引导由两个或两个以上意思相关的分句构成的并列句的连词有:and和,而;neither … nor …既不 ……也不……;not only … but (also) …不仅……而且……; both …and ……….和……都;then 然后。
The bell rang and the students rushed into the classroom.
Not only did the students dance, but (also) their teachers sang songs.
② 可连接两个并列句,含有转折关系的连词有:but但是;yet然而,可是;while然而;however然而;still但是;whereas然而,而;nevertheless然而。 I think he wanted to speak, but I did not hear. He worked hard, yet he failed to pass the test.
The UK is in the thirteenth position, while China is in the middle of the list. Some of the students are hardworking whereas some are lazy.
③ 能够引导由含有选择意义的两个分句构成的并列句的连词有:or 或者,否则;otherwise 否则;either…or…不是…就是…
Would you like a cup of tea, or shall we get down to business right away? Don’t drive too fast or you will have an accident. Start right now, otherwise you’ll miss the first train.
④ 能够引导由表示因果关系的两个分句构成的并列句的连词有:so所以;for因为;therefore因此。 I must be off now, for my sister is expecting me. The bus was crowded, so I had to stand all the way. 2. 复合句
复合句有一个主句和一个活一个以上的从句构成,主句是句子的主体,从句充当某种句子成分,如:主语,宾语,状语,同位语等,但无论是那种从句都不能独立 存在。复合句包括主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。
When we will have the meeting is not decided. (主语从句)
It is well-known that many Americans like to eat Chinese food. (主语从句) Do you know when he ancient games began? (宾语从句) That’s because he caught a bad cold. (宾语从句)
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The idea that they would cross Asia was exciting. (同位语从句) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (定语从句)
I will give her the message as soon as she comes back from the meeting. (时间状语从句)
三.课堂作业:
句子成分划分及句子结构分析(一)
1: A mere hundred species (物种) are the basis of our food supply,of which but twenty carry the load. Wilson suggests changing this situation by looking into ten thousand species that could be made use of,which will be a way to reduce the clearing of the natural homes of plants and animals to enlarge farming areas.(2008全国卷一E篇)
译文:只有约100种物种为我们提供食物基础,其中只有20种承担着供应人类食物的重担。Wilson建议通过调查研究一万种可以被利用的物种来改变这种现状,这样做可以减少人类为了增加耕种面积而开垦动植物的自然家园的做法。
解析:第二句是一个含有多层结构的句子。第一层结构:Wilson suggests changing ...by looking ...。第2个which引导的非限定性定语从句是第二层结构代替changing ...use of。另外,that could be made use of 也是句子的第一层,作定语,修饰species。第三层结构是不定式 to reduce ...,它作定语修饰 a way。 第四层结构是不定式 to enlarge ...,它作目的状语,修饰clearing。根据该句,文后第74题:Wilson suggests that one way to keep biodiversity is to _____.答案选D(use more species for food)。
2: This process is also found among scholars and authors: a statement of opinion by one writer may be restated by another,who may in turn be quoted by yet another;and this process may continue,unless it occurs to someone to question the facts on which the original writer based his opinion or to challenge the interpretation he placed upon those facts.(2008天津D篇)
译文:在学者和作者中,我们也常常会发现这个过程:一个作者陈述的观点有可能会被另外一位作者重述,然后他的重述或许又会被另一个作者引用。这个过程会继续下去,除非有人质疑原作者的观点所根据的事实或者是对原作者对这些事实的解释提出异议。
解析:根据标点符号,我们可以确定该句主干是第一句话,即冒号前面的部分。冒号后面的部分是对主句的进一步解释。在该解释中,用分号分隔开两个独立的句子。第一个句子中又用了一个who引导的非限定性定语从句。第二个句子中用了一个unless引导的条件状语从句。条件状语从句中it是形式主语,to question ...or to challenge ...是真正的主语。它们的宾语分别又有一个定语从句来修饰,即:the facts on which ...,the
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