内容发布更新时间 : 2024/11/16 13:44:56星期一 下面是文章的全部内容请认真阅读。
D. offer his or her email address and family name
57. What do we know about the photograph entry of the winner? A. It will be published in a magazine and a gallery. B. It will be evaluated at approximately $300.00. C. It will be selected from nine Finalists’ entries. D. It will be acknowledged and returned afterwards.
B
There are endless motivations for human behaviour, from the basic drives for food to more complicated ones, such as sympathy, envy and anger. But none of these explain behaviours that we call compulsions (强迫症).They come from a need that is desperate and tortured (折磨). They may bring relief, but they bring little enjoyment, and while one part of our brain desperately wishes to stop them, another is afraid of stopping.
I used to view compulsions as foreign and almost frightening. But in the course of my research, two things happened. First, when I got to know people who were compulsive, their behaviour didn’t seem unreasonable at all. Second, I realized that although people with the most extreme compulsions seem like outliers (另类人), the anxiety that drives them to those extremes is universal.
Over any year, many of us find ourselves in the control of a compulsion that falls short of something that is disabling enough to qualify as a mental disorder – in fact, some compulsions are adaptive, helping us lead our lives or perform our jobs more effectively.
Like many people, maybe you feel forced to reach for your smart phone as soon as you wake up in the morning. Fortunately a growing number of experts have begun to succeed in distinguishing addictions from compulsions.
An addiction begins with a flash of pleasure accompanied with danger; it’s fun to gamble or to drink, and it also puts you at risk. Additions involve acting without planning or even thought, driven by an urge for immediate satisfaction.Compulsions, in contrast, are all about avoiding unpleasant outcomes. They are behaviours we repeat many times to relieve the anxiety brought on by the possibility of negative consequences. But the actual behaviour is often unpleasant – or at least not particularly rewarding, especially after many rounds of it.
Behind every compulsion is the need to avoid what causes you pain or anxiety. Compulsive behaviour is not necessarily a mental disorder. Some forms of it can be, and people in its control deserve to be diagnosed and helped. But many are expressions of psychological needs we all feel: to be at peace and in control, to feel connected and to matter. And if those are mental illnesses, we’re all crazy.
58. From the first two paragraphs, we know that _____. A. compulsions can bring relief as well as enjoyment
B. compulsive people will prefer unreasonable behaviour C. compulsions may be an understandable response to anxiety
D. compulsive people must be frightening and behave differently 59. The main difference between addictions and compulsions lies in _____. A. human relationships B. financial rewards C. internal drives D. social expectations 60. What’s the author’s attitude towards compulsion? A. Objective. B. Negative. C. Doubtful. D. Cautious.
C
HIV is a tricky virus that escapes typical immune responses. During a successful immune system response to a foreign body, white blood cells produce antibodies that target the foreign body. These antibodies then mark the foreign body for destruction by other immune cells. For the most part, HIV escapes these immune defenses, but rare individuals develop antibodies that effectively block the virus. Researchers are now showing that these antibodies can also act as treatments in other HIV patients.
HIV has several ways of escaping the immune response. Unlike most viruses, HIV specifically attacks a type of white blood cell that is critical to our immune system. During reproduction, the HIV virus also picks up many new mutations (变异), which often change it enough that any antibodies produced earlier during the infection no longer recognize it.
These rare antibodies can also keep the virus from infecting new cells, which could make them an effective treatment. In animal studies, injection of low concentrations of these antibodies could act as a vaccine (疫苗) and provide protection against infection. Injections can even control active infections when combined with additional antibodies that target other molecules (分子) on the HIV surface. These findings led to humans phase 1 clinical trials to evaluate a specific antibody that targets HIV. This study revealed that a single injection of the antibody typically reduced the presence of HIV in the blood of patients who have viruses that were sensitive to the antibody.
After performing test-tube studies showing the effectiveness of the antibody, the researchers evaluated its safety in humans in a small trial. The study included two groups of participants: 14 uninfected individuals and 19 individuals with an HIV-1 infection. The researchers then tracked the clearance of the antibody by following its levels in the participants’ blood. Consistent with previous studies, HIV-1 infected individuals exhibited faster clearance of the antibody, with a half-life of 12.8 days compared to 24.0 days for uninfected participants. Despite the fast clearance, however, the antibody appeared to be effective.
Thirteen HIV-1 infected participants with the highest levels of virus received the highest dose (剂量) of the antibody. Eleven of them showed a rapid decline in HIV levels. Tracking the infection through the first weeks after treatment revealed the evolution of multiple viruses that were no longer affected by the antibody. However, these new variants (变体) generally remained sensitive to antibodies targeting other virus surface molecules.
Overall, this investigation shows the safety of injections of antibody 10-1074 in humans. Thus, researchers may be able to build a cocktail of antibodies that effectively block active HIV infections.
61. HIV escapes immune responses by _____. A. removing the foreign body B. identifying the immune system C. attacking a certain white blood cell
D. reproducing some effective antibodies
62. What does the underlined word ―it‖ in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. The immune system. B. A type of white blood cell. C. The HIV virus. D. An antibody. 63. The purpose of the further study of antibodies is to _____. A. introduce a vaccine protecting humans against infection B. confirm the reduction of HIV in the blood of the patients C. track a faster clearance of antibodies in uninfected subjects D. prove the safety and effectiveness of antibodies in humans 64. What can we infer from the passage?
A. Antibodies remain ineffective against most HIV viruses. B. Researchers feel optimistic about a new cure for HIV.
C. Researchers get contradictory findings from a series of studies.
D. Antibodies can evolve with HIV viruses from infected patients.
D
About 15 years ago, I taught A Problem from Hell, a book on genocides (大屠杀), to a group of 18- and 19-year-olds in a mid-west university in the US. In my class there was a young man who had spent his boyhood in Bosnia as NATO bombed his hometown. My other students, amazed by his connection to the genocide in the textbook, asked him what it was like to grow up in a war-zone. ―A pretty normal childhood as you had here,‖ he said. ―We played cards inside a lot, and when there was no bombing we kicked a ball in the street.‖
In the past few years, the world has seen a rapid increase in refugees (难民), with the number hitting 60 million. Viet Thanh Nguyen’s story collection The Refugees reminds us that literature is news that stays news. Set in the Vietnamese communities in California as well as in Vietnam, the stories do not aim to surprise us with new twists or shock us with wonderful details, as war and refugee stories could easily choose to do. Rather, like the young man from Bosnia, Nguyen’s characters tell these stories because they are the only ones known to them.
Included in the collection are two of the most touching pieces, both about siblings (兄弟或姊妹) separated by geography and history. In “Black-Eyed Women”, the narrator (讲述人), a young Vietnamese woman, is visited by the ghost of her elder brother, who died young on the boat when the family took flight from the war. The tale of love and loss, violence and violation, may not be unfamiliar to the reader, but the determination of the brother’s ghost (he has taken decades to swim across the Pacific to reach America) and the sister’s abandoning herself to a half death make the story lasting.
As an echo, the closing story, ―Fatherland‖, explores a more complex situation between two siblings. The narrator, a young Vietnamese woman, meets her half-sister, visiting from the US for the first time. Adding to the tension is the fact that her father has named the narrator and her siblings after his first set of children. Two sisters, one American and one Vietnamese, yet named the same by the father – it may sound strange, but isn’t it the fate many refugees have to face: a life left behind, that could have been theirs; and a life in an adopted country.
The theme of doubleness – choice and inevitability (不可避免性), home and homelessness, starting afresh and being stuck – is present not only in the stories of Vietnamese refugees, but also
of those who have become refugees from their own homes and loved ones. ―Smiling at your relatives never got you very far, but smiling at strangers and acquaintances sometimes did.‖ So a pilot, who fought in the Vietnam war and is now revisiting the country for the first time, thinks while waving at the locals from a tour bus. He’s distant from his daughter, just as a Mexican American in the collection is distant from his wife, or a young man from Hong Kong is distant from his father.
The collection is full of refugees, whether from external or from a deeper, more internal conflict between even those who are closest to each other. With anger but not despair, with reconciliation (和解) but not unrealistic hope, and with genuine humour that is not used to insult anyone, Nguyen has breathed life into many unforgettable characters. 65. The first paragraph is intended to ______. A. describe the boring life of war victims B. appeal to the readers to help war victims
C. criticize NATO’s killing of innocent people D. introduce the story collection The Refugees
66. Which of the following about The Refugees is True? A. It tells the news in a literary form. B. It is full of surprising twists and plots. C. The author experiences the stories himself. D. Its characters narrate their own stories.
67. How are Black-Eyed Women and Fatherland mainly developed ? A. By giving examples. B. By making contrasts. C. By providing evidence. D. By making classifications. 68. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that _____.
A. relatives hate their loved ones for being left behind B. separation from loved ones tends to make them distant C. people become refugees due to their double character D. smiling is a good way to keep loved ones together 69. Which of the following is the theme of The Refugees？ A. Despair, suffering,and regret. B. Anger, humour and hope. C. Sympathy, regret, and reconciliation. D. Dream, hope, and expectation. 70. The Refugees mainly focuses on ______.
A. the problems of identity, love, and family for refugees B. the miserable lives of refugees in the adopted countries C. the refugees’ reunion with their families after separation D. the various reasons for people’s being reduced to refugees
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The Science Behind Smiling
Not only does smiling reward our brain’s feel-good system, it also makes us look more attractive and lowers stress levels. In stressful situations, smiling is a great way to relieve extreme levels of stress and to keep your cortisol (皮质醇) levels under control.
Naturally, happiness can result in smiling. Also, smiling can actually create happiness. Smiling tricks our brains into believing we are happy, and one way it does this is by making us think of happier memories, which improve our moods.
When the smiling muscles in our face contract, it sends a signal to the brain to encourage the reward system that further increases our levels of endorphins, or happiness hormones (荷尔蒙). It can have the same effect on our happiness as eating chocolate or receiving a monetary prize.
Even though the exact relationship behind facial expression and mental state is largely unknown, it has been suggested that smiling reduces levels of the stress-inducing hormone cortisol. Increased levels of cortisol could potentially lead to cardiovascular disease, mental illness, and obesity, so it’s worth every effort to try to decrease our cortisol levels.
Research shows that when you smile, people treat you differently. Smiling instantly makes you appear more reliable, relaxed, sincere, and attractive. A study found that people who smiled more were rated as more attractive than those who avoided eye contact and didn’t smile at all.
Perhaps this is why celebrities (名人) invest in perfect smiles, often looking for porcelain veneers to give them flawlessly straight, white teeth. According to a cosmetic (化妆用的) dentistry practice in Boston, broken and stained teeth can make a person look older, while a brighter smile gives a look of health and youthfulness. Anyone you spot on television will more likely than not have a perfect smile. This gives them a youthful shine while at the same time making them look more attractive.
Smiling is an act that many of us may have to practice in order to make a regular habit. However, it’s a habit worth investing in, as smiling, happiness, and health have a scientifically proven link to one other. If you find it hard to smile, try being around people who tend to smile a lot. According to a Swedish study, it is difficult to keep a straight face when constantly faced with people who are smiling at you.