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效手段。
? 促进世界文明的发展：翻译可以使不同语言的国家和地区进行政治、外交、经济、科学、科技、文学、艺术、军事、体育、娱乐等方面的交流，促进世界向更高的文明发展。
4. 翻译课程的目的
? 翻译作为一门课程，其目的就是在掌握汉语和英语这两种语言的基
础上，结合不断的翻译实践学习翻译中的各种技巧，提高翻译水平。
5. 翻译的标准
1) 严复：我国最早的翻译家。提出翻译的标准：“信、达、雅”
? 信：忠实原文 ? 达：译文流畅 ? 雅：文字典雅
2) 英国翻译家泰特勒的翻译三原则
? 译文应完全复出原文的思想。 ? 译文的风格和笔调应与原文相同。 ? 译文应和原文一样流畅。
6. 非文学翻译或非专业翻译标准： ? Faithfulness（忠实） ? Smoothness（通顺）
? 注：在两个标准中，忠实是首要的、根本的。国际译联的《翻译工
作者章程》指出：“译文应忠实于原文，准确表现原作的思想与形式。”
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7. Steps of translation: ? Comprehension（理解） ? Expression（表达） ? Revision（校核）
8. Basic ways of translation: ? Literal translation （直译） ? Free translation（意译） ? Foreignizing method（异化法） ? Domesticating method（归化法）
Chapter Three
A comparative study of sentences
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We study differences between sentences of English and Chinese from the following two points: I. Sentence structure
1. Passive voice sentences:
1). Frequency: passive voice is often used in English, esp. in scientific article, while…
2). Structure: in English, a definite passive structure is used, while in Chinese the following words are used to express Passive: II. The Chinese words for Passive:
? 被， 为……所，受， 由，加以，予以，得到，是……的
III. The implied differences between the English passive and the Chinese passive:
? In Chinese, the passive voice usually implies sth unpleasant, while in English there’s not
such kind of feeling in it.
Examples for the translation of passive voice sentences: The lost child was found three days later. 失踪的孩子三天后找到了。
These photos weren’t taken on the Great Wall. 这些照片不是在长城拍摄的。
The children are carefully taken care of. 孩子们受到了精心的照顾。
Pronunciation has been paid attention by the students. 语音已为学生们所重视。
The plan will be examined by a special committee. 这个计划由一个特别委员会加以审查。 At last the farmers’ crops were saved. 农民的庄稼终于得救了。
He will be hanged as a spy early tomorrow morning. 明天清晨他将作为一名间谍被绞死。
The famous building has been destroyed by the big fire. 大火把这幢大楼毁掉了。 IV. The Inverted Structure
The inverted structure is common in English language while it is seldom found in Chinese. The following are the common categories of the inverted structure in English. 1. Here, there, now,out等引导
此类为完全倒装（fully inverted,full inversion)
特点一：副词或副词短语放在句首：here, there,now, then, out, up, in 特点二：动词多为不及物：be, come, go,exist, live, follow,stand, lie Examples:
Here is the very passport that you have lost.
There stands a great monument on the top of that mountain. Up went the rocket into the space in an instant.
Then came the day we had been looking forward to . 2. (not) only 修饰状语放在句首
? 从第二类开始是部分倒装(partially inverted;partial inversion)
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? Examples
? Only in this way can you master the skill of making a living. ? Only when one is ill does he realize the value of health. ? Only by reading extensively can you widen your insight.
? Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it. ? Notice:如果被强调部分是主语，不倒装 ? Only girls can use it.
3.表示否定的意义的副词和副词短语位于句首
? Little, seldom, hardly, scarcely, never,nowhere, in no case, under no conditions, under no circumstances, not in the least, in no way, by no means, on no account ? examples
? Never in my life have I heard of such a strange thing! ? Under no circumstances should we yield to difficulty. ? In no case will China be the first to use nuclear weapons. ? On no account are visitors allowed to feed the animal. 4.so…that 结构中，so放在句首
? So fast did he walk that none of us was his equal. ? So absurd did he look that everyone stared at him. ? So much does he worry about his financial position that he can’t sleep at night.
5.虚拟条件句如果省略if
? Should green plants disappear some day,there would hardly be any life on the earth. ? We would have bought this fancy furniture, had we had enough cash on hand. ? Were the sun to rise from the west, my love for you would unchanged for good. 6.在几个句型中，如果否定词放在句首
? 句型是：hardly…when; No sooner…than, Not until…(刚。。。就。。。） ? Hardly had I arrived when I had a new problem to cope with. ? Scarcely had we started lunch when the doorbell rang.
? No sooner were she back at home than she realized her mistakes. 7.状语放在句首时
? On the floor were piles of old books and newspapers.(adverbial of place)
? Gladly would I pay more if I could get better service by doing so. (adverbial of manner) ? Many a time has she given money to beggars.(adverbial of frequency 8. 表示祝愿的句子
? May you live a long and happy life! ? Long live the People’s Republic of China! ? May you a happy journey
9.such做主语时，可全部倒装
? Such was the force of the explosion that all the windows were broken.
11.正常的语法结构要求的倒装 ? 1.general questions ? 2.special questions ? 3. Tag questions
Chapter Four Difference in English and Chinese Ways of Thinking
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