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第十七讲
定语从句
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
1 . 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词(如下表) 功能作用
用于限制性从句或非限制性从句只用于限制性从句 代替人代替物代替人或物 主语who which that 宾语whom which that 定语 whose
( = of whom) whose
( = of which)
He is a man who ( that) means what he says . 他是一个说话算数的人。(指人, 作主语) The people whom ( that) you met in the campus yesterday are from England . 你昨天在 校园里碰到的那些人是从英国来的。(指人, 作宾语)
Is there anyone in your depar tment whose father is a painter ? 你们系里有谁的父亲是 画家吗? (指人, 作定语)
The young man with whom I travelled could speak English . 同我一起旅行的那个年轻 人会说英语。(指人, 作宾语)
The book which( that) you are reading is written by a contemporary American novelist . 你正在读的那本书是一位美国现代小说家写的。(指物, 作宾语)
The bicycle the brake o f which was damaged has now been repaired . 那辆坏了闸的自行 车现在已经修好了。(指物, 作主语)
Note: what 不能引导定语从句。考察下面一句: Nimbost ratus clouds are A thick B
, dark gray clouds what C
forebode D rain .
(C 项错。应改为which 或that ) 2 . 使用要点
1)关系代词的省略
(1)作直接宾语时可以省略。例如:
The man(whom)you saw just now is our manager . 你刚才见到的那个人是我们的经 理。
Is there anything ( that) I can do for you ? 我能为您效劳吗?
Who was the woman ( that ) you were talking with ? 你刚才同她谈话的妇女是谁? (2)在“there + be”结构的从句中作主语的关系代词可以省略。例如:
This is the only bus( that) there is to that park . 这是开往那个公园的唯一的一路公共汽 车。
The old professor made full use of the time( that) therewas left to him to continue his research
in the field of elect ronics . 这位老教授充分利用余年, 继续他在电子学方面的研 究。
Note: ①关系代词放在介词后作宾语时, 不能省略。但介词位于句尾时, 关系代词可以省
新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书 716 第十七讲 定 语 从 句
略。例如:
This is the girl with whom he worked . (whom 不可省)
This is the girl ( whom) he worked with . 这就是同他一起工作的女孩。 This is the room in which Churchill was born . (which 不可省)
This is the room(which)Churchill was born in. 这就是丘吉尔出生的房间。 ②who 或whom 的先行词有时可省略。例如:
Who knows most says least . 大智若愚。( = He who, anyone who) Who works not shall not eat . 不劳无获。 Who eats must pay . 吃了就得付钱。 Whom the gods love die young .
This is written to whom it may concern . ( any person whom) Who mar ries a beauty marries trouble . ( = Those who) Who are thirsty drink in silence .
2)如果关系代词紧跟在介词后面, 不能用who 或that , 只能用which 或whom
This is the question about which(不用that) they have had so much discussion in the past few weeks . 这就是几周来他们反复讨论的那个问题。
The people with whom(不用that )he worked thought he was a bit st range . 同他一起工 作的人都觉得他有点怪。
3)如果先行词是all, much, anything , something, nothing, everything , little, none 等不定代词,
关系代词一般只用that , 不用which ( 但something, everything 或anything 后, 偶尔也用 which)
Please just tell me anything ( that ) you know about the author of the book . 凡是你知道 的关于本书作者的情况请都告诉我。
That..s all ( that ) I could do at that time . 这就是我当时所能做的。 There is little that can be believed about it . She has nothing that is good to say .
The book doesn..t say much that amuses children . She hates everything that is modern .
Note: 在“It is + 名词+ 定语从句+ 定语从句”结构中, 后一定语从句要用that。例如: It is only a man who has seen much of the world that can be a leader . 只有阅历丰富 的人才能当领导。
It is always the mouth which talks too much that arouses troubles . 言多必失。 It is a man who is honest that can do the work . 只有诚实的人才能做这项工作。
4)如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first , last , any, only, few, much, no, some, very 等词修 饰, 引导限制性定语从句常用关系代词that , 不用which, who 或whom He is the only person that was present at the time . 他是当时唯一在场的人。 This is the best TV set that is made in China . 这是中国生产的最好的电视机。 No sample that we have received is satisfactory .
Please send us any information that you have about the subject . 5)在非限制性定语从句中, 不能用that , 作宾语用的代词也不能省略
The Heavenly Lake, which(不能用that) is one of the world famous scenic spots, is on Tianshan Mountain . 天池是世界名胜之一, 位于天山之上。
There are thir ty students in the class, the majority o f whom(不能用that ) are f rom the city . 这个班上有30 位学生, 大多数来自城市。 6)which 可以引导修饰整个主句的定语从句
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版) 717 一、关系代词引导的定语从句
which 还有一种特殊的用法, 它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句, 代替主句所表示的整 体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中, which 可以作主语, 也可以作宾语或表语, 多数情况 下意思同and this 相似, 并可以指人。例如:
New Concept English is intended for foreign students , which is known to all of us .《新 概念英语》是为外国学生编写的, 这是我们大家都知道的。(which 作主语)
She was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honour . 她被 授予一枚金质奖章, 全家人都认为这是极大的光荣。(which 作宾语)
He lost the manuscript during the war, in which case he had to rewrite the book . 他在战 争中把手稿丢失了, 既然如此, 他就不得不重写那本书了。(which 作定语)
She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was . 她对孩子们 非常耐心, 她丈夫却很少这样。( which 作表语)
I told him to go to a doctor, which advice he took . (指代部分概念)
Don..t call between 12 o..clock and 1 o..clock , at which time I am usually having lunch . She is studying economics, which knowledge is very impor tant today . He believes in self- reliance, which idea I fully agree to .
She died three days ago, which I can..t believe . ( = which fact , a fact which)
Jim was seriously ill , which she did not know . ( = which circumstance, a circumstance which)
They bribed the officials , which practice was common here .
The president was killed , which circumstance was very serious . ( = which fact )
He hung about for hours and , which was worse, kept me from my work . (which 代表后 半句的意思)