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句中, 表示“现在的”)
She felt , as it were, in a dream . 她觉得仿佛在梦中。( as it were 表示“好像, 仿佛”) As long as there is life there is hope . 有生命就有希望。(只要= on condition that) You shall never enter the room so long as I live in it . 我住在这个房间的时候你 永远不能进去。(当..的时候= while)
You can stay here as long as you want . 你想在这里呆多久就呆多久。(像..那 么久)
As long as you are going, I..ll go too . 既然你去, 我也去。(既然= since)
新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书 728 第十七讲 定 语 从 句
She has as many books as you . 她的书和你的一样多。(和..一样多)
He can learn as many as 100 new words by heart in one day . 他一天内能背会多 达100 个生词。(多至, 多达)
Take as many as you want . 要多少就拿多少。(多少..多少)
He has been writing the novel as many as 10 years . 这部小说他整整写了10 年。 (整整的)
As many as come are welcome . 凡来的都欢迎。(凡..的都) 四、but 在定语从句中的用法
but 作为关系代词也可以引导定语从句, 同具有否定意义的主句连用, 其先行词可以是 人, 也可以是物。but 在意义上等于“ that . . .not”,“who . . .not”,“which . . .not”。but 只
用于限制性定语从句。例如:
There was not a single student in my class but ( who did not) learnt a lot from him . 我班 上每一个学生都从他那里学到很多东西。
There was not one house but ( which was not ) was burnt down . 所有的房子都被烧掉 了。
Not a day went by but(which did not )brought us good news . 没有一天不给我们带来好 消息。
There are few of them but admire your achievement . 他们几乎每个人都羡慕你的成就。 What did she see but was miserable ? 她所见皆凄惨不堪。( = She saw nothing except what was miserable . )
Who could he stay with but were thieves and gangsters ? 他不同小偷强盗呆在一起又能 同谁呆在一起呢?
Nothing is so hard but it becomes easy by practice .
Nothing is so hard that it does not become easy by practice . .. but 结构也可以省略。例如:
No rule but has exceptions . ( There is)
Few books but have a misprint or two . ( There are) .. 考察下面两句:
There is A
no work B
whatever what C
he can D
criticize . (C 项有问题)
There are very few rules of grammar . A . that are not with exceptions B . but have exceptions
C . not having exception to them
D . not with exception to them(B 项正确) 五、what 用法要点 1 . 用作关系代词
1)用于“what is (was) + 形容词比较级”结构中
本结构中, what 是关系代词, 泛指上文或下文, 意为“更.., 尤其..”。这种结构通常 用作插入语。例如:
He attended the contest and what is more surprising, won a gold medal .
She was born in a rich family; what was better still , some of her relatives were famous scholars .
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版) 729 五、what 用法要点
Great men are often unknown, or what is worse, misknown .
If, what seldom happens, he would repent , he would be a good boy .
He knows how to write and, what is a di f f erent thing , how to make money . She decided, what was the only choice, that she would keep it a secret .
The boy is not only very clever but (what is very likely ) honest . (放在括号中作出某种 说明)
He has ( what is more precious) a noble heart . 2)what = the thing( s) which 或the person( s) that
what 既可以指人, 也可以指物。指人时相当于the person ( s ) that , 指物时相当于the thing( s) which。值得注意的是, 这种用法的what 本身已包括先行词, 故前面不能再有先 行词。也就是说, 前有先行词时, 视具体情况用that , which 或who, 没有先行词时, 就要 用what。what 在其所引导的从句中可以作主语、宾语和表语。例如: That is exactly what he told me . (指物)
What has been done can not be undone . (指物) Never pretend to be what you are not . (指人)
She is what you call a snob . ( = She is the woman that you call a snob . ) That is the furniture what we want to buy . (误)
That is the furniture that(which) we want to buy . (正)
Any meat what has been preserved by drying is called“jerky”. (误) Any meat that has been preserved by drying is called“jerky”. (正) 比较:
I don..t know what you want . 我不知道你要什么。( what 是疑问代词)
That is what you want . 那就是你要的东西。(what 是关系代词, = the thing which) She asked me what I didn..t know . (这是一个歧义句。译为“她问我所不知道的东西” 时, what 为关系代词, 相当于the things that; 译为“她问我不知道什么时”, what 为疑问 代词。)
Note: ①有时候, 介词可以放在句尾, 也可以放在what 前。例如: What did you do it for ?
For what did you do it ? (For what = Why) What will you depend on ? On what will you depend ?
.. 但在下面的短语中, 介词不可放在句尾。
By what means did they get the information ? (凭什么方法) In what circumstances will they sign the t reaty ? (在什么情况下) In what respect are their measures better ? (在哪方面)
At what time did he finish writing the long poem ? (在什么时候) In what way will you settle the problem ? (用什么方式) ②what 有时可用作副词, 表示“到什么程度”。例如:
What does the affair matter ? ( = How much) It matters much . What do I care if I fail again ? ( = How much) I care little . 2 .whatmoney 相当于all the money that
what 在其所引导的从句中还可以作定语。例如:
The father gave what money he had to his son . ( = all the money that)
We..ve decided to give you what help we can . ( = any help that , as much help as) He shared what little water he had with his companions . ( all the little water that )
新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书 730 第十七讲 定 语 从 句
What songs he has learned are about love . ( = All the songs that) What f ew she had was stolen . ( = The few that ) .. 考察下面两句:
The main facts in human life are five: bir th, food , sleep, love and death . One could increase
the number—breathing for instance —but these five are the most obvious . Let us briefly ask ourselves our lives .
A . they play in what part B . they play what part in
C . what part they play in D . in what part they play(C 项正确) Gail Shelley..s“ Passage”, what
A
discusses the continuing B
psychological development of normal adults, is C
a most D
profound and important book . (A 项有问题) 3 .no sense whatever 的含义
whatever 可作形容词, 常同not , any, no, nothing, anything 一起用于否定句或疑问句 中, 放在名词或代词之后, 意为“一点也..”, 相当于副词短语at all。例如: I have no doubt whatever about it . ( = I have no doubt about it at all . ) She has no sense whatever . (没有头脑) I know nothing of it whatever . 4 . know what..s what 的含义
what 同其他词类结合, 构成一些惯用习语, 常见的有: know what..s what 内行( 有判断 力) , so what 那又怎么样, what if 如果..怎么办, what..s what 真相(具体情况) , give sb . what for 严斥..(痛打..) , know what one..s about 有头脑(会处理困难局面) ,
what ( how) about . . .怎么样, guess what 告诉你一个消息, and what not 其他(等等) , what of it ? 那又怎么样? I tell you what 我有一个建议(我有个想法) , and I don..t know what . . .什么的(相当于and God knows what ) , what have you 等等。 This is a meeting to find out what..s what .
She said I was stupid and thoughtless and I don..t know what . Guess what , the spy was caught on the spot .
We should try to meet the needs, cultural , recreational, what have you, of the members of the community . (以及别的)
A: He isn..t satisfied with your plan ? B:Well, what of it ? (那又怎么样?) I know what . ( = I have an idea . )
He knows what is what . ( = what is useful or important) I..ll tell you what . ( = something)
They sold pens , pencils, rubbers and what not . (或and what have you , and what all , and the like)
You told her the secret ? So what ? (那怎么啦?)
You..ve given up the plan . What then ? (那怎么样?) What i f he fails to come ? ( = What will happen)
What though he loses the match ? ( = What will happen) What do you say to the plan ? ( = What do you think of) What is behind the news ? ( = What is hidden behind)
What is the point of holding another meeting ? ( = What is the meaning) I must give the man what for . ( = punishment )
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版) 731 五、what 用法要点
Dr . what..s-his-name said it was true . (某某博士)
He heard of it from Miss what-do- you-call-her . (某某小姐) She has flown to what..s-its-name-city . (某某城市) Please show us what-do-you-call-it . (某样东西) 5 .What is called
what is called, what we call 和what you call 表示“所谓的”, 有时含有贬义。例如: He is what is called a“ child prodigy”. 他就是所谓的神童。 It is what you call a“new fashion”. 这就是你所谓的“新潮”。
Some of what we call great books are written in blood and tears . 我们称为伟大的书, 有 些是用血泪写成的。 6 .What one is
what one is 表示“某人现在的样子, 某人今日的成就, 某人的人品”, what one has 表示 “某人所有的, 某人的财产”;what one was(或used to be)表示“某人过去的样子”。例如: I admire him for what he is, not for what he has . 我因他的人品而羡慕他, 不是因他的 财富。
Her painstaking effor ts made her what she is . 她今天的成就是她勤奋努力的结果。 He is not what he was . 他已非从前的他了。 7 . what . . .for 和for what
what . . .for 和for what 常用于询问原因或目的, 相当于why。例如: What did you leave the school for ? 你为什么离开那所学校? = Why did you leave the school ?
For what will he go abroad ? 他为什么要出国? = Why will he go abroad ?
8 . what with . . .and what with
what with . . .and what with 意为“半因..半因”, 表示原因, 后一个what with 可省; what by . . .and what by 意为“半靠..半靠”, 表示方式, 后一个what by 可省。例如: What with continual rain and ( what with ) a bad hotel , we didn..t enjoy our holiday much . 由于连续下雨, 旅馆又不好, 我们的假日过得不怎么愉快。
What by threats , and (what by) entreaties, he gained his purpose . 半靠威胁, 半靠恳 求, 他达到了目的。
Note: ①what 可用于双重疑问句中, when,who,where 等也可以这样使用。例如: What novel written by what writer was the best in the nineteenth century ? 哪位作 家写的哪部小说是19 世纪最好的?
Who defeated whom in the battle ? 在那次战斗中谁打败了谁?
How long has he lived here and since when ?他在这里住了多久并从何时开始住在 这里的?
How much food is eaten by howmany people in this country ?在这个国家有多少人 吃多少粮食?
.. 这种含有两个疑问词的结构也可用作宾语。例如:
I don..t know what is better than what here . 我不知道这里什么比什么好。