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发现与样品不符,但货未发生质变,或货物仍可销售,买方仍应照常提货,但合同价将酌予削减,其数额由双方议定。例中有四个条件状语从句,主句只有一个,这在其他文体句中是很少见的。(3)在契约文体句中,状语的位置比较特殊。为了使文字不产生歧义,常常把状语放在距离所修饰的词最近的位置上,因而句子隔裂现象比较普遍。Based on the forgoing, and upon such investigations of law as we have deemed appropriate, we advise you that, save as noted below, in our opinion the Agreement is, and the Note when duly executed and delivered by the Borrower will be legal, valid and binding obligations of the Borrower, enforceable against the Borrower in accordance with their respective terms under the law of the state of New York, subject to applicable bankrupecy, insolvency, moratorium and similar laws affecting creditors‘ rights generally, and subject, as to enforceability, to general principles of equity (regardless of whether enforcement is sought in a proceeding in equity or at law.)基于上述事项,对于法律进行我们认为适当的调查后,兹通知,除下述指明的以外,我们认为,本合同以及在借款人签署并提交后的票据是借款人合法有效和约束力的义务。根据纽约州法律的各自条款,可以对借款人执行。但须依照适用于破产、无力偿还、延期偿还及一般地影响债权人权利的类似法律,以及衡平法的一般原则(不论是按照衡平法或法律的审理要求执行)。例句中有多个状语,位置比较灵活。根据语义联系它们,分别出现在句首、句中和句尾。(4)程式化的语句多。契约文体属于应用文体,有不少句式都是约定俗成的,起草契约时可照搬照用。例如,在正式而重要的合同中,尤其是在英美法系合同中,合同的开头部分都是约因条款,其基本句式为:This Agreement made… WHEREAS… and WHEREAS …Now, THEREFORE, in consideration of … it is herby agreed as follows.合同的结尾条款有固定的句式。In WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this contract in duplicate by this duly authorized representatives on the date first above written.作为所协议事项的证据,双方授权代表于上面首次写明的日期正式签署本协议,一式两份。
二、契约翻译
契约属于法律范畴。它是规定缔约双方权利和义务的法律文件。契约一经签订,对缔约双方都有法律效力,任何一方不得随意更改。翻译契约必须严肃认真,丝毫不得马虎。任何曲解条文或误解词句的做法都是不允许的,因为一字之差,后果就会不堪设想,轻则使缔约双方产生误解,引起纠纷,重则导致巨大的经济损失。例如,据报道,某非英语国家,由于译者误将“国债”一词译为“至高无上的借方”,使该国背上四亿美元的国债。翻译契约应以准确为宗旨。首先,词语翻译应该准确。词是组成契约文书的基本单位。契约的准确性主要取决于用词的准确性。词语翻译要准确,必须注意以下几点:第一,避免使用模棱两可的词。例如,在短语“in a week‖中的 ―in‖和句子 ―shipment is to be effected bimonthly at 600 metric tons each‖。中的bimonthly就应该避免使用,因为它们都会产生歧义。 “in a week”既可理解为“一个星期内”又可理解为“在一个星期之后”。如果我们想说后者就用 ―after a week‖。 ―bimonthly‖ 这个词既可解作“两月一次”又可解作“一月两次”。那么例句表达的意思究竟是每两个月运出600公吨,还是每半月运出600公吨,就没个准,缔约双方难免会发生分歧。第二,在同一份契约中,关键词语的使用要始终一致,不能随意用其他同义词替换,如前面使用 ―machine‖一词,后面就不要用―equipment‖, ―appliance‖ , ―instrument‖或 ―facilities‖ 替换,因为两个名词总有两个含义,随意使用同义词,可能造成误解或歧义。第三,对于某些特殊词语的翻译,不要望文主义,以免闹出笑话。例如,“专利技术”和“专有技术”虽然只有一字之差,但它们所包括的内容不完全相同,“专利技术”仅包括产业部门的技术发明,“专有技术”不仅包括产业部门的技术发明,还包括商业、旅游等方面的经营管理经验,“专利技术”译为―patent technology‖,而“专有技术”应译为 ―know-how‖ 。再如,在技术转让合同中,“提成费”指技术使用费,在英语中―royalty‖表达这一概念,如果译成 ―technical use charge‖或别的短语,就成了外行话。第四,遇到汉语意义相同而在特定上下文中搭配不同的词语时,要注意语言的逻辑性和词语的搭配性。例如 observe, obey, abide by和comply with 这几个词语在词典上都有“遵守”的含义,但它们的用法不尽相同。比如“合营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律、法令和有关条例规定”,这句话的主语是“活动”,汉译英时谓语动词应选择―comply with‖ 表示―to act in accordance with a provision rule, demand‖,全句译为 ―All the activities of a joint venture shall comply with the laws, decrees and pertinent regulations of the People‘s Republic of China‖ 。在“工人应遵守工地的规章”这句话中,主语为“工人”,应选用observe,全句译为 ―Workers shall observe the rules
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and regulations of the worksite‖。第五,是少用代词,因为代词使用过多会引起含混现象,指代不明,从而产生歧义。在行文中,为了准确起见,宁可重复名词,少用代词。第六,巧用古词,古词应用于契约中,更显契约的庄重和严谨。初学古词时容易混淆,但只要记住 ―here‖ 代表―this‖ ;―there‖ 代表―that‖; ―where‖代表 ―what‖或 ―which‖ ,就易学易记多了。有些古词有相应的中文词表达,翻译时可对号入座,如:―hereby‖ 相当于中文的“兹”和“特此”,―whereas‖意为“鉴于”,常引导“鉴于”条款。使用古词,可做到准确、简洁、避免重复。翻译句子时,应力求结构严谨,行文流畅。在句子的准确性与流畅性不能兼顾时,应选择前者。准确翻译句子以准确理解原文为前提。理解原文不能只局限于表面文字,应该从逻辑和法律的角度去分析句子的内在联系和深层意义。所以译者翻译契约只有语言知识是不够的,还应具备逻辑知识和法律知识,这是因为,一方面,有些句子的内在联系只能从逻辑的角度判断,如“因执行本合同所发生的或与本合同有关的一切争议,由中国仲裁机构进行调解或仲裁,也可由双方协议在其他仲裁机构仲裁”。此句中的“由??也可由??”看似并列关系,实际上是选择关系,因为两者不相容。全句译为“All disputes arising from the execution of or in connection with the contract shall be settled through mediation or arbitration by another arbitration agency agreed upon by the both parties‖,另一方面,中外法律差异很大,因而对条文的理解不一。例如:如果将“卖方必须在1993年7月31日前交货”译为 ―The seller shall deliver the goods before July 31,1993.‖ 就引起理解上的差异。因为我国都理解为包括7月31日在内,而英语国家则理解为只包括7月30日以内而不包括31日。如果我们明确地说:―The seller shall deliver the goods on or before July 31, 1993.‖那就不会引起争议了。翻译契约,不仅要注意表达的准确性,还要注意行文的规范性。因此,组词造句,力求结构规范,符合语法学家总结的结构规则。从中英契约翻译实践看,在行文方面,有两个问题需要引起重视:一是句子结构的对称问题;二是词组的搭配问题。试举例说明。1.乙方保证合同和技术转让协议规定的技术全部转让给合营公司,并保证提供的技术是乙方同类技术中最先进的技术,设备的造型及性能质量是优良的,符合工艺操作和实际使用的要求。原译:Party B guarantees that technology stipulated in this contract and the technology transfer agreement shall be fully transferred to the joint venture company, and pledges that the provided technology should be truly advanced among the same type of technology of Party B, the model, specification and quality of the equipment are excellent and it is to meet the requirement of technological operation and practical usage.2.为了在中国境内外销售产品和进行销售后的产品维修服务??原译:In order to provide maintenance service to the products sold both in China or abroad…例句1中,中文句子是并列结构,译成英文也应该用并列结构。并列句的特点是结构对称。例句译文中―guarantees…and pledges…‖结构对称,但 ―pledges that…‖之后的结构却没有对称,句子条理不清,如果改译为 ―…pledges that the provided technology should be truly advanced among the same type of technology of Party B and that the model, specification and quality of the equipment are excellent and meet the requirement of technological operation and practical usage.‖意思就清楚了。例句2中,―both…or‖属于搭配不当,应改为 ―both … and‖或 ―either…or‖。根据原文意思,应选用前者为宜。
第十七节 汉英实用翻译技巧:
一、同名异译和异名同译:词语是表达概念的。有时相同的词语却有可能表达不同的概念。翻译时也要区别对等。例如“沙眼”。如果管子有沙眼,即是管子有小孔(small hole);如果是人有沙眼,即是说他的眼睛患有沙眼病(trachoma)。1.“珍穗”宁宝系列精制米粉具有外观光滑透明,粗细均匀,口感柔软细腻,滑爽,韧性好,富有弹性,久煮不糊不断,烹调简易方便等特点。2.精制水磨米粉具有细、白、糯、爽等四大特点,主要用于速冻汤圆及其他各类食品。例1的“米粉”实际上是指“米粉条”(rice flour noodles),因为“韧性好,富有弹性,久煮不糊不断。”例2的“米粉”指“糯米粉”(glutinous rice flour),因为它“主要用于速冻汤圆及其他各类食品。”异名同译是指不同的词语表达同一概念,其译名只有一种。实际上是语言变体在词汇上的具体体现。例如“荸荠”(chest waternut)一词在上海话中叫“地栗”,在广东话中叫“马蹄”,所以“太阳”牌荸荠罐头和“甜美”牌马蹄罐头都译为canned chest waternut。再如“玉米”(corn 或Indian corn)一词东北话叫“包米”、南京话叫“玉蜀黍”、四川话叫“包谷”、上海话叫“珍珠米”、山东话叫“棒子”、广东话叫“包粟”、杭州话叫“六谷”、福建话叫“金豆”等等。在食品名称中,有“麻菇、花菇、云菇”等叫法,英语中只有mushroom一词表达,所以都译为 mushroom。同样地,“红薯、白薯、甘薯、番薯、山芋、地瓜、红苕”等都是指同一种食物,译为
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sweet potato。二、实则虚之与虚则实之:实则虚之是指把具体概念概括化,即源语表达某一概念时比较具体,而翻译时用概括的词语表达,因为读者只注重概念所表达的客观事物,概念过于具体化反而不利于原文传递信息。比如“南城五黑鸡”译为black chicken即可,不必译为 five-black chicken。同样的,“三黄鸡”译为 yellow chicken 。再如“丝丝甜、片片香、粒粒脆”,不看文字说明,还真不好译,看了说明才知道指的是风味豆食品系列。所以,概括译为flavored bean food series。虚则实之,是指把原语中概括的词语具体化,使原语信息更加清晰。比如,汉语喜欢使用缩略语。由于缩略语在一定的时期和一定的范围内使用频率较高,所以即使不加注说明也为读者理解。但是,翻译时必须把缩略语所包含的意义全部表达出来,以使意义明确。例如:南城五黑鸡具有“二低、三高、多药”的特点。例句中的缩略词语“二低、三高、多药”不知何指,通过上下文才知道指的是“脂肪、胆固醇含量极低,黑色素、氨基酸、免疫球蛋白较高,有多种药用价值”。所以全句译为:The Nancheng black chicken have low-fat and cholesterol content, high black pigment, amino acid and immune globulin and many medical values.把缩略语所含的信息全部译出而省译缩略语。其他的缩略语如“三讲”、“三个代表”、“三来一补”、“两个基本点”等等,都应该把它们所含的信息表达出来。三、意译和音译:中文的名称在英语中能找到对应的词语时用意译法,否则用音译。如“葛藤粉”译为Kudzu vine powder。中文名称在英语中找不到对应的记号语时用音译法。如“藠头”、“杨桃”等,都用音译法。地名也有音译,如“百花洲”不必译为hundreds of flowers islet,译为 Baihuazhou 即可。有些名称意译、音译均可。如“豆腐”,源自中国,意译为bean curd ,音译为toufu。四、区别术语与普通用语:术语,又称行话,具有丰富的内涵和严格的外延。翻译时,把术语词汇普通化,或普通词语术语化都是不可取的。比如“广昌莲子具有清火功能”。这里,“清火”是中医学术语,如译为extinguish the fire(有人曾这样译过),则会闹出翻译笑话,应译为 remove the internal heat。严格地讲,表达术语的词语都是固定的,不能用普通词语代替。五、省译:省译是常用的翻译技巧。省译不是篡改原文的意思,而是把一些不必要译出的词语省去,因为有些词语照译不误反而让读者不知所云。根据笔者的翻译实践,认为下列情况可以省译。(一)产品前的地名:1.名称:“桔都”牌水咸菜:简介:本产品具有口感独特,酸咸适度,香脆可口,色味俱佳等特点。有桔都咸菜皇、桔都咸菜丝、桔都橄榄菜、桔都萝卜等四大类。2.名称:风味食品系列:简介:大余县南丰食品厂生产的南安牛肉辣椒酱、南安豆腐乳、南安豆酱及周村芋荷等系列风味食品,是利用新鲜芋梗、辣椒、黄豆等经传统工艺加工而成,不加任何防腐剂的纯天然食品。例1产品说明中的“桔都”是地名,可省译。例2中的“南安”、“周村”也是地名,同样省译。(二)产品名称前某些具有修饰性的词语:1.“华康”牌乡吧佬系列烤卤食品:“乡吧佬”按音译,“老外”不知何意,如意译为bumpkin 又有贬意。中文用“乡吧佬”形容食品,恐怕是指食品口味符合大众化,而英语中bumpkin却有不敬之意,所以最好省译。同样“快餐王”也省译。(三)意义重复的词语:南安风味食品具有健胃消食,增进食欲等功能。“健胃消食”和“增进食欲”指的是一回事,所以只译其一。(四)构成食品名称的组成部分的词语:简介:主要产品有:三笋罐头(清水冬笋、清水春笋、清水小竹笋)、蘑菇罐头、豌豆罐头等品种。“清水竹笋”已形成一个概念整体,译bamboo shoots即可。“清水”省译。
第十八节 旅游资料的翻译
1. 增译:在译文中,对一些地名、人名、朝代名、佛名等翻译时增加一些解释性的文字。如:(1) (介绍崂
山的资料)三官殿里有一株茶花树,在寒冬蜡月开出一树鲜花,璀璨如锦,因此又名“耐东”。There is a camellia tree in the Sanguan Palace blooming fully in midwinter, so it is called Naidong, meaning it can stand bitterly cold winter. (2)路左有一巨石,石上原有苏东坡手书“云外流春”四个大字。To its left is a rock formerly engraved with four big Chinese characters Yun Wai Liu Chun (Beyond clouds flows spring) hand-written by Su Dongpo (1037-1101), the most versatile poet of the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127). (3)(海南岛著名景点)“天涯海角”和“鹿回头”分别译为Tianya-Haijiao (the end of the earth and the edge of the sea)和 Luhuitou (turn-round Deer )scenic spot. (4) “卦台山周围有龙马洞、分心石、洗脚石等景点。Around the Guatai Mountain are the Longma (Dragon-and horse ) Cave, Fenxin (Distracting Attention) Rock, Xijiao (Washing Feet) Stone and other scenes. 2. 删译:即删去中文资料中对译文理解没有帮助的东西。如:(1) “烟水苍茫月色迷,渔舟晚泊栈桥西。乘凉每至黄昏后,人依栏杆水拍堤。”这是古人赞美青岛海滨的诗句。青岛是一座风光秀丽的海滨城市,夏无酷暑,冬无严寒。西起胶州湾入海处的团岛,东至崂山风景区的下清宫,绵延80多华里的海
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滨组成了一幅绚丽多彩的长轴画卷。Qingdao is a beautiful city. It is not hot in summer and not cold in winter. The 40-kg-long scenic line begins from Tuan Island at the west end to Xiaqing Gong of Mount Lao at the east end. (2) 乐山水光山色独特,地理环境优越,素有“绿扬夹岸水平铺”之称,举行龙舟竞赛得天独厚。Famous for its ―tranquil river fringed with rich vegetation‖, Leshan in Sichuan Province has the ideal setting for the Dragon Festival. 3. 转译:把中文资料中的内容转化为外国游客熟悉的同类内容。如将“梁山伯与祝英台”转作“罗密欧与朱丽叶”,把济公比作Robin Hood,把苏州比作威尼斯。 4. 改写: 即把中国古代的纪年、古地名、古官职等,改写成公历、现地名及职务。如:(1) 刘备章武三年病死于白帝城永安宫,五月运回成都,八月葬于慧陵。Liu Bei died of illness in 233 at present-day Fengjie County, Sichuan Province, and was buried here in the same year. (2)满树金花、芳香四溢的金桂;花白如雪、香气朴鼻的银桂;红里透黄、花朵味浓的紫砂桂;花色似银、季季有花的四季桂;竞相开放、争妍媲美。进入桂林公园,阵阵桂香朴鼻而来。The Park of Sweet Osmanthus is noted for its profusion of osmanthus trees. Flowers from these trees in different colours are fragrance of their blossoms.
第十九节 产品说明书的翻译
1饮此茶,可怡神醒脑,明目清火,消食除腻,减肥健美和降血压。(浙江某茶叶厂茶叶说明) Therefore to drink tea regularly helps one to refresh oneself , improve eyesight and remove inner-heat ,promote digestion, dissolve fat and reduce blood pressure. 2. 珍珠冲剂含有精氨酸、赖氨酸、门冬酸等十九种氨基酸及丰富的活性钙,能清热解毒,护肝明目,安神定惊,增强记忆力,对老年骨质疏松及小儿缺钙症效果更加显著。(金日牌即溶珍珠冲剂说明书) Pearl Powder contains 19 kinds of amino acid such as arginine, bysine, aspartate which have rich active calcium. It is good for clearing away heat and toxic material, reinforcing the liver to improve the acuity of sight, tranquilizing and improving memory. Pearl Powder has more evident curative effects in treating the aged for osteoporosis and children for acalcicosis. 3. 天津红小豆颗粒饱满、均匀、色泽鲜红、具有皮薄、沙性大、易煮烂等特点。是红豆中之优良品种。红小豆既可做小豆粥、豆沙包、年糕、切糕等家常小吃,还可以制成上百种琳琅满目的各式糕点。每逢盛夏,可用红豆制成雪糕、冰棒、冰淇淋、红豆汤等消暑佳品。红小豆营养价值高,含有多种维生素、蛋白质、糖和矿物质等成分。还具有一定的药物作用。中国传统医药专家称红小豆有利尿、消肿、解毒排浓、消热祛温、健脾止泻的功用。许多中医将其推荐为药品,尤其为妇科所常用。经常食用,有益健康。天津红小豆出口历史悠久,是天津传统出口商品。Plump, evenly shaped and in bright rd colour. Thin skin, rich texture and taking little time to cook----these are all of its characteristics. It is a fine species of red beans. Small Red Beans can make congee and all sorts of cakes. They can also make cool and refreshing ice cream, Popsicles and red bean soup. Small Red Beans are highly nutritious. They contain vitamin, protein, sugar and minerals. They also have some medical effect. According to the traditional Chinese medical specialists, Small Red Beans are good for diuretic, swelling, pustule, internal heat and dampness, diarrhea and the spleen. It is recommended by Chinese doctors to use as medicines, especially for gynecology. Small Red Beans are nutritious food to take regular. Tianjing Small Red Beans have a Long export history. They are our traditional export product. 4. 亨氏高蛋白营养米粉:本产品是根据“亨氏”——美国最著名的食品公司之一——的品质标准而配制的优质婴儿食品,亨氏食品公司有超过一百年的食品制造经验,在美洲、欧洲和澳洲所制造的食品,行销世界各地。亨氏高蛋白营养米粉是采纳了中国营养专家所提供的意见来配制,强化了婴儿生长发育所需的铁、锌、钙、维生素等,帮助婴儿健康成长。亨氏高蛋白营养米粉,是值得您信赖的优质婴儿食品。开调方法:八个月以上婴儿理想的辅助食品。1、将所用的喂哺用具洗刷干净,加水煮沸10分钟。2、开调婴儿米粉,请用煮沸的水。3将一份米粉加入到二至三份温开水中(约70度),放置约30秒后搅拌约半分钟,成糊状即可喂哺。本品经现代化蒸压煮熟,毋需再煮,否则会变稀分层。请置产品于通风干爽地方。本产品系根据亨氏公司授予的商标许可证由亨联有限公司(中美合资企业)制造。Heinz Hi-Protein Nutritious Cereal. This quality product is made to the standards of the H. J. Heinz Company, one of the leading food companies of the United States. Heins has been making a wide range of food products for over 100 years and manufactures Baby Foods in North America, Europe and Australia for sale throughout the world. Guided by Chinese nutritionists, we have fortified this product to give your growing babies an excellent source of iron, zinc, calcium and vitamin. Heinz is the brand you can trust. Mixing Directions: An ideal supplement for babies 8 months and over. 1. Wash the feeding utensils thoroughly and boil for 10 minutes. 2. To mix the cereal, use water that has been boiled for 5 minutes. 3. Mix 1 part of cereal with 2-3 part of preboiled lukewarm water (around 700C ), let it soak for 30 seconds and then stir for 30 seconds. This product is pre-cooked by steam pressure process and needs no further cooking; otherwise thin consistency and
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separation will be caused. Store in cool, dry place. Manufactured under trademark license from H. J. Heinz Company by Heinz-UFF L td., (U.S.-China joint venture), in Yan Yang, Shahe, Guangzhou, China. 5. 报刊广告: 平阴系山东省会济南的市郊县,属沿海经济开放区,东依泰山,西傍黄河,交通便利。全县总人口38万。平阴迄今已有1400年的历史。这里物华天宝,人杰地灵。在得天独厚的物产中,玫瑰、阿胶、天然矿泉水、大理石、林果、桑蚕和畜产水产品对国内外客商有着极大的吸引力。随着改革开放的不断深入,平阴经济有了长足的发展。一是综合经济实力明显增强。到1992年国民生产总值达到8。7亿元,工农业总产值达到18。7亿元。二是工业经济持续高速增长。到1992年,全县工业产值达到14。2亿元。初步形成了能源、机械、化工、医药、造纸包装、纺织服装、食品饮料、建筑建材八大行业经济。三是农村经济全面发展,1992年全县农村经济总收入厂达到9。6亿元,粮食总产达到2。14亿元。林果、畜产、水产、蔬菜、桑蚕等五大农副产品商品基地初具规模。四是第三产业蓬勃兴起。五是外向型经济取得了突破性进展,利用外资近2000万美元。平阴现已具备了良好的投资环境,通讯实现了现代化,开通了国际直拨电话和电传。县委和县政府制定了《关于改善投资环境,扩大对外开放的优惠政策》。我们将以最优惠的政策,最优良的环境和最优质的服务,热诚欢迎海内外客商来平阴经商置业,投资办厂,与我们携手合作,共创美好前程。Pingyin is a suburrban county if Jinan, the capital of Shandong province and is a coastal economic zone opening to the world. It has very convenient transportation facilities with Mt. Tai in the east and the Yellow River to the west. It has a population of 380,000. With a history of 1400 years, Pingyin county is rich in natural resources. Roses are famous both at home and abroad. Other products include Ejiao (donkey-hide gelatin), mineral water, marble, fruits, vegetables, silkworm cocoons, animal by-products and aquatic products. All these products have a strong appeal to business people both at home and abroad. With the development of the reform, the economy of Pingyin county has made great strides forward. By the end of 1992, the output value reached 870 million yuan RMB. The industrial economy is developing with a high speed. By the end of 1992, the gross industrial output velue of the whole county has reached 1.42 billion yuan RMB. An economic structure of eight industries has been formed including energy resources, machinery, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, paper-making and package, texitiles and garments, food and drink. The rural economy is developing swiftly with the grain output reaching 214 thousand tons. A commodity base of agricultural and by-products has been formed. The service trade and foreign-oriented economy are developing quickly. The investment environment of Pingyin county is greatly improved. With the preferential policy made by the government of Pingyin county, Business people from all over the world are warmly welcome to invest in Pingyin county.
第二十节 如何校译:
校译工作一般由语文水平比较高的人完成。如果是专业性很强的作品,还得请懂专业的人校译。校译的内容包括:(1)校核译文在人名、地名、日期、方位、数字、符号等方面有无错漏;(2)校核译文的段、句或重要的词有无错漏;(3)修改译文中译错的和不要的词句;(4)力求译文段落、标点符号正确无误。(1)、(2)项属于核实,(3)、(4)项属于文字润色,也是校译的重点: (一)词语搭配是否得当:词语搭配有多种多样,有主谓搭配、动宾搭配、修饰语与中心词之间的搭配等,无论哪种搭配方式,都是约定俗成的,不得自由组合。而且词语搭配是以译语为标准,不受原文的约束。 Next morning I had an idea.It was nothing clear-cut,merely speculative,but I considered it a11 the way to schoo1.Then after assembly as soon as they were quiet.I waded in.原译:第二天早上,我有了个主意。只是推测,还不明晰。不过在去学校的路上,我一直在考虑着,随后,学生集合完毕。他们一静下来,我就精神饱满地开始。在上述这段话中,英语短语wade in是不及物动词,意思是“精神饱满地开始”。但直截了当地按词典的译义译成中文,就不符合中文的表达习惯。联系上下文,最后一句宜译为“我兴致勃勃地谈论我的想法。(二)是否有翻译腔:中西文语言有很大差异,汉语以意统形,词约义丰;西文语言重形合,追求形式丰满。用汉族的意合语言译西方的形合语言,必然要作结构上的调整,否则就会出现翻译腔。The true civilization is where every man gives to every other right that he claims for himself.(R.G.Ingeroll)原译:真正的文明表现在每个人都给予别人为自己要求的每一项权利的地方。原译冗长拖沓,语言表达不符合经济性原则。改译为:真正文明表现在这样的地方,即人人都把自己要求有的每一项权利给予别的每一个人。当然,去除翻译腔并不是说凡是翻译都应该采用归化的手段,即意译。实际上,在能确切地表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下,采用洋化(即直译)手段是有其可取之处的。一方面,洋化手段有助于保存原著的格调,亦即鲁迅所说的保持“异国情调”和“洋气”;另一方面,又有助于不断从国外引进一些新鲜、生动
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