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1.What‘s Washington Irving‘s main contribution to American Literature? 华盛顿·欧文对美国文学的主要贡献
Washington Irving‘s contribution to American literature is unique in more way than one. He did a number of things which have been regarded as the first of their kind in America. He was the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame:when he returned home in 1832, he was acclaimed as(被誉为) the one American author whom people in Europe knew about, and the Americans took as a sign that American literature was emerging as an independent entity（形成一个独立的实体）. To say that he was father of American literature is not much exaggeration（夸大）. The short story as a genre（风格） in American literature probably began with Irving‘s the sketch book（见闻札记 ）, a collection of essays, sketches（草图）, and tales, of which the most famous and frequently anthologized are ―Rip Van Winkle‖and ―The Legend of Sleepy Hollow‖. The book touched the American imagination and foreshadowed（预示） the coming of Hawthorne霍桑, Melville,梅尔维尔,and Poe爱伦·坡, in whose hands the short story attained a degree of perfection as literary tradition. It also marked the beginning of Amercian Romanticism.
2.What is Nathaniel Hawthorne‘s writing style?
纳撒尼尔·霍桑的写作风格
Hawthorne‘s vocabulary was wide and well-controlled. Writing is at the formal level. He chose his words with a sharp sense of precise meaning and a keen ear for pleasant sound. His style is also noteworthy for his frequent use of images. Metaphors and similes abound, most of them stirringly fresh and effective, he makes skillful use of colors as a means for conveying mood. His style is soft, flowing and almost feminine. His language is smooth, clear, beautiful in sound and