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非谓语动词作状语
不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语的比较
1、不定式作目的、原因、结果状语
1）作目的状语：有三种形式，可互换：to do, in order to do, so as to do (不用于句首) e.g. We eat to live, but we don’t live to eat.
We started early (in order / so as) to avoid being late. 我们一早动身，免得迟到。 （In order ）not to waste electricity, we turned the light off.
Check your composition carefully so as to avoid mistakes. (so as to只能置于主句之后) 【Exercises】
1． —Did the book give the information you needed?
—Yes. But ____ it, I had to read the entire book. 【2008 北京】
A. to find B. find C. to be finding D. finding
2.______this cake, you'll need 2 eggs, 175 g sugar and 175 g flour. 【2006广东卷】 A. Having made B. Make C. To make D. Making
2）作原因状语：不定式常放在表示情绪反应的形容词后。如：happy, sorry, glad, sad, surprised, disappointed… 不定式不放在句首。 e.g. ：I am sorry to hear that your father is ill.
We are greatly delighted to have a native as our guide.
有一个本地人做向导，我们真是太高兴了。
【Exercises】
1. I feel greatly honored ____ into their society. 【2008北京卷】
A. to welcome B. welcoming C. to be welcomed D. welcomed 3) 作结果状语： 不定式作结果状语通常表意外的结果。
e.g. I opened the door to find the room empty. 我打开门，结果发现房间是空的。
【attention】：①. 动词不定式前可以加上only, 更加强调‘意外，想不到’。还可加never,
表示‘没有再…’
e.g. He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left. 他匆忙到了车站结果却发现火车已经离开了。
They parted, never to see each other again. 他们分手了，从此没有再见面。
②. 动词不定式作结果状语的其他几种方式： so + adj. / adv. + as to, such + n. + as to,
too…to , enough to等。
e.g. Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time? 2. He hurried to the booking office only _________that all the tickets had been sold out. 06陕西卷） A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told 注意：不定式做结果状语的固定搭配 ① so …as to …
Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time? I’m not such a fool as to believe that.
His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. The boy is old enough to go to school.
2、分词 （现在分词、过去分词）可作时间、条件、让步、方式、原因、结果状语，就不作目的状语。注：表示时间、条件或让步的分词，有时可带上连词（if, unless, when, while, once（一旦） though, although） 1）现在分词作状语：
e.g. ①. (While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 【作时间状语】 Hearing the news, they all danced for joy. 听到这个消息，他们都高兴得跳起舞来。 ②．Being a League member, he is always helping others. 作为一个团员，他总是乐于助人。 Being students, we must study hard. 【作原因状语】 ③．He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 【作伴随状语】 She wrote him a friendly letter, thanking him for his help.
他写了一封友好的信给他，感谢他的帮助。
④．Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 【作条件状语】 ⑤．He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces 【作结果状语】 His parents died last year, leaving him an orphan.
他的父母亲去年死了，使他成为了一个孤儿。
⑥．Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 【作让步状语】 Feeling tired, he went on running. 尽管感觉累，他还是继续跑。 2）过去分词作状语：
e.g. ①. Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden. 【作时间状语】
Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.
从被党接受的那一刻起，他决定要把他的一生致力于党的事业。
②．Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.
Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the
struggle.
受到演讲的激励，年轻人下定决心开始进行斗争。【作原因状语】
③．The old man went into the room, supported by his wife. 【作伴随状语】 ④．Given another chance, he will do better. 【作条件状语】 ⑤．Wounded, the brave soldier continued to fight.
虽然受伤了，但这名勇敢的战士还继续作战。 【作让步状语】
【Summary】：分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果分词与句子的主语是主动关系，用doing表示与谓语动词同时发生或进行的动作，用having done表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作。如果分词与句子的主语是被动关系，则用done强调在谓语动词之前发生的动作，也可用having been done.
【attention】：①. 不定式与现在分词引导结果状语的区别： e.g. 1. He got home to learn that his father was ill. 2. They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. 他们搬起石头却砸了自己的脚。 3. I ran to the school, only to be informed that I wasn't admitted by Beijing University. 我跑到学校，却被告知我没有被北大所录取。 4. It rained heavily, causing severe flooding. 雨下得很大，导致了非常严重的涝灾。
5. He cut off the electricity quickly, preventing an accident. 他快速地切断了电，避免了一场事故。
【summary】：不定式做结果状语通常表示的是一个未曾料到的不愉快的结果，前可加
only作为结果状语的现在分词短语所表示的都是谓语动词的直接结果，是意料中的结果。分词短语前有时可加上副词thus或thereby（因而、因此）。
(only) to do → 出乎意料干某事 (thus / thereby) doing → 顺理成章干某事
②.英语中有些形容词化的过去分词（短语），常省略be动词，在句中作状语。常见的有：be lost in, be faced with, be located in, be dressed in, be tired of等等。
e.g. Faced with so many problems, he felt depressed.
Located in the centre of Longhui, NO.1 Middle School of LH is the best school in the town. ③．有时“with（without） + 名词（或代词宾语） + 分词”的结构，表示伴随状况。 e.g. With the lights burning, he fell asleep.
With so much work filling my mind, I almost break down. 【Exercises】
(1) __________in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. 【2005湖南】 A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed (2) _____ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. 【2006全国Ⅰ】
A. Surprising B. Surprised
C. Being surprised D. To be surprising
(3)______with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. 【2006四川卷】
A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face
(4). When_______ help, one often says “ Thank you. ” or “ It ’ s kind of you. ”【2005福建】 A. offering B. to offer C. to be offered D. offered
(5). At he end of 2002, there were around 3,000 foreign printing companies in China , __ up around 2
percent of national total.
A. made B. to make C. making D. having made
(6)．European football is played in 80 countries, __it the most popular sports in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
(7). With a lot of difficult problems ______ , the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled (8). With a lot of difficult problems ______, they decided to take a few days off. A. settling B. to settle C. being settled D. settled
(9). I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise ______. 【05北京】
A. going on B. does on C. went on D. to go on (10). With all the things he _______ , he went home at once.
A. needed buy B. needed bought C. needed buying D. need buy
(11). Faced with a bill for ＄ 10,000,________. 【06陕西卷】
A. John has taken an extra job B. the boss has given john an extra job C. an extra job has been taken D. an extra job has been given to John (12). Having been attacked by terrorists, ________.【2004上海】
A. doctors cane to their rescue B. the tall building collapsed C. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists (13). In order to improve English, . 【2001上海】
A. Jenny’s father bought her a lot of tapes B. Jenny bought a lot of tapes for herself C. a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny D. a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny’s father (13). Pressed from his parents, and _________ that he has wasted too much time, the boy is
determined to stop playing video games. 【12 福建卷】
A. realizing B. realized C. to realize D. being realized
(14). ________ an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it sooner or later.
A. Based B. Basing C. Base D. To base 【12 江苏】
(15). With Father’s Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank ______
presents for my dad. 【全国卷】
A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. to have bought
当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词前必须加上自己的主语，此结构被称为独立主格结构。如：
Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind.
All the tickets _________(sell out), they went away disappointedly. Time ______(permit) , we'll do another two exercises. There _____ (be) no bus, we had to walk home .
His hands ____ （tie） by the policeman, his face went pale with fear.
1. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _______ in a year. A. follows B. followed
C. to follow D. being followed
2. All things _______, I think we ought to give the job to George.