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refers to men), slender (for skinny), physically handicapped (for crippled), senior citizens (for elderly people), advanced in age, .elderly (for old).
Unit 6
1.Nonverbal Communication
The messages sent without using words are called nonverbal communication.
2.Verbal and Nonverbal Communication (1)Similarities: Use symbols
Are products of individual
Require that someone else attach meaning to these symbols
Encoding system that we learn and pass on as a part of culture experience. (2)Differences Verbal Structured, linguistic and clear Nonverbal Unstructured, nonlinguistic and ambiguous Conscious Discontinuous Acquired and controllable Unconscious Continuous Natural and non-controllable More universal More emotional in appeal and impact
3.Functions of non-verbal communication
There are six functions of non-verbal communication (P219-221) : ◇Repeating (重复 ) ◇Complementing (补充 ) ◇Contradicting (否定 )
◇Substituting or replacing ( 代替) ◇Accenting (强调) ◇Regulating (调节) 4.Facial Expressions The six basic expressions:
Happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, anger & surprise Facial expressions are innate and universal. 5.Gestures
Gesture is a way we communicate and express by the movement and manners of our hands and fingers. (1)手指的说法
thumb 大拇指 forefinger / index finger 食指 middle finger 中指
ring finger 无名指 little finger 小拇指 gesture country most countries Japan France make a circle with one’s thumb and index finger
Germany Brazil Rude meaning OK Money Zero gesture country United States Great Britain Most of World United States meaning Victory The V sign (from the 1960s era) Peace In England, however, it is a crude connotation when used with the
palm in.
gesture country United States Nigeria, Iran meaning great or good job rude the number one Thumbs-up
Germany gesture country Canada meaning Disapproval United States Greece rude Thumbs-down
gesture moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear country some countries Brazil meaning crazy You have a phone call
Haptics (Touch)
Haptics refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact. (1)“Don’t Touch” Cultures
Japan, U.S. and Canada, England, Scandinavia(Norway, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland), Other Northern European countries (2)Middle Ground Countries
Australia, France, China, Ireland, India, Middle East countries (3)“Touch” Cultures
Latin American countries, Italy, Greece, Spain and Portugal, Russia Case 1
The former U.S. president Richard Nixon once visited one of the South American countries, when he came out of the aircraft, he greeted people by holding both his hands high in the ring gesture, smiling.
However, he received a frustrating reception later in this country. Because the hosts were annoyed at this idea that the president told them to go to hell.
Do you know what went wrong here? The ring gesture, or we say OK gesture, means In America that you think something good, In Latin America, this gesture was taken as an insult.