绗簩绔?/p>
鐑姏瀛︾涓�瀹氬緥
鐑?/p>
(
Q
)
锛氱郴缁熶笌鐜闂寸敱浜庢俯宸�屼氦鎹㈢殑鑳介噺銆傛槸鐗╄川鍒嗗瓙鏃犲簭杩愬姩鐨勭粨鏋溿�傛槸杩囩▼閲忋�?/p>
鍔?/p>
(
W
)
锛氶櫎鐑互澶栫殑銆佸湪绯荤粺涓庣幆澧冮棿浜ゆ崲鐨勬墍鏈夊叾瀹冨舰寮忕殑鑳介噺銆傛槸鐗╄川鍒嗗瓙鏈夊簭杩愬姩鐨?/p>
缁撴灉锛屾槸杩囩▼閲忋�?/p>
鐑姏瀛﹁兘
(
U
)
锛氬張绉颁负鍐呰兘锛屾槸绯荤粺鍐呴儴鑳介噺鐨勬�诲拰銆傛槸鐘舵�佸嚱鏁帮紝涓斾负骞垮害閲忥紝浣嗙粷瀵瑰�?/p>
涓嶇煡閬撱�?/p>
鐑姏瀛︾涓�瀹氬緥鏁板琛ㄨ揪寮忥細鈻?/p>
U
=
Q
+
W
锛屽湪灏侀棴绯荤粺銆?/p>
W
飩?/p>
=0
銆佹亽瀹规潯浠朵笅锛屸柍
U
=
Q
V
銆?/p>
鐒撳嚱鏁?/p>
(
H
)
锛?/p>
H
鈮?/p>
U
+
pV
,
鏄姸鎬佸嚱鏁帮紝涓斾负骞垮害閲忥紝浣嗙粷瀵瑰�间笉鐭ラ亾銆傚湪灏侀棴绯荤粺銆?/p>
W
飩?/p>
=0
銆?
鎭掑帇鏉′欢涓嬶紝鈻?/p>
H
=
Q
p
銆?/p>
鐑姏瀛︾
涓�瀹氬緥鍙?/p>
鐒撳嚱鏁?/p>
绯?
缁?/p>
鐘?
鎬?/p>
鍙?/p>
鍖?
鏃?/p>
锛?/p>
璁?/p>
绠?/p>
绯?
缁?/p>
涓?/p>
鐜?/p>
澧?/p>
闂?/p>
浜?/p>
鎹?
鐨?/p>
鑳?
閲?/p>
鐘舵�佸彉鍖?/p>
鍙婅繃绋?/p>
婧惰В鍙婃贩鍚?/p>
鍖栧鍙樺寲
鐩稿彉鍖?/p>
鍗曠函鐨?/p>
pTV
鍙樺寲
鎭掑杩囩▼
(
V
濮?/p>
=
V
缁?/p>
)
鎭掓俯杩囩▼
(
T
濮?/p>
=
T
缁?/p>
=
T
鐜?/p>
)
鎭掑帇杩囩▼
(
p
濮?/p>
=
p
缁?/p>
=
p
鐜?/p>
)
缁濈儹杩囩▼
(
Q
= 0)
鑺傛祦杩囩▼
(
H
= 0
锛?/p>
Q
锛?/p>
0)
绯荤粺鍙?/p>
鐘舵�?/p>
鐜锛氬湪绯荤粺浠ュ涓庣郴缁熷瘑鍒囩浉鍏抽儴鍒?/p>
绯荤粺锛氶殧绂荤郴缁燂紱灏侀棴绯荤粺锛涙暈寮�绯荤粺
鐘舵�佸強
鐘舵�佸嚱鏁?/p>
鐘舵�侊細绯荤粺鐨勬墍鏈夌墿鐞嗘�ц川鍜屽寲瀛︽�ц川鐨勭患鍚堜綋鐜?/p>
绫诲瀷锛氬箍搴﹂噺锛涘己搴﹂噺
鐗规�э細鈶犳敼鍙樺�煎彧涓庡銆佹湯鎬佹湁鍏宠�屼笌鍏蜂綋閫斿緞鏃犲叧锛?/p>
鈶′笉鍚岀姸鎬侀棿鐨勬敼鍙樺�煎叿鏈夊姞鍜屾�с�?/p>
鍗虫畩閫斿悓褰掞紝
鍊煎彉鐩哥瓑锛涘懆鑰屽濮嬶紝
鍏跺�间笉鍙樸�?/p>
鐘舵�佸嚱鏁?/p>
(
鐑姏瀛︽�ц川
)
鐑姏瀛﹀钩琛★細鐑钩琛★紱鍔涘骞宠 锛涚浉骞宠 锛涘寲瀛﹀钩琛?/p>
婧惰В鐒撳強娣峰悎鐒擄細鏍囧噯鎽╁皵婧惰В鐒撱�佺█閲婄創銆佹贩鍚堢創鐨勫畾涔夊強璁＄畻銆?/p>
绯荤粺涓庣幆澧?/p>
闂翠氦鎹㈣兘閲?/p>
鐨勮绠?/p>
(
灏侀棴
绯荤粺锛?/p>
W
飩?/p>
=0)
绠�
鍗?/p>
鐨?/p>
pTV
鍙樺寲
鐞嗘兂姘斾綋
(IG)
绯荤粺锛?/p>
2
2
1
1
,
,
;
T
T
V
m
p
m
T
T
U
n
C
dT
H
n
C
dT
飦?/p>
飥?/p>
飦?/p>
飥?/p>
飪?/p>
飪?/p>
鐞嗘兂姘斾綋
鎭掓俯杩囩▼
鐒﹀皵瀹為獙锛?/p>
(1)
缁撹锛?/p>
(
鈭?/p>
U
/
鈭?/p>
V)
T
=0; (2)
鎺ㄨ锛?/p>
U
IG
=
f
(
T
);
H
IG
=
g
(
T
)
鈻?/p>
U
=
鈻?/p>
H
=0;
W
=-
Q
=
2
1
2
1
ln
/
V
V
pdV
nRT
V
V
飥?/p>
飥?/p>
飥?/p>
飪?/p>
(
鍙�?/p>
)
鎭掑杩囩▼锛?/p>
W
=0
锛?/p>
Q
V
=
鈻?/p>
U=
2
1
,
;
T
V
m
T
n
C
dT
飪?/p>
缁濈儹杩囩▼锛?/p>
Q
=0
锛涒柍
U
=
W
涓嶅彲閫?/p>
锛堟亽澶栧帇锛?/p>
锛?/p>
nC
V
,m
(
T
2
-
T
1
)=-
p
2
(
V
2
-
V
1
)
鍙�嗭細
1
1
,
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
(
)
(
)
1
V
m
p
V
nC
T
T
V
V
飦?
飦?/p>
飦?/p>
飦?/p>
飥?/p>
飥?/p>
飥?/p>
飥?/p>
飥?/p>
飥?/p>
Q
p
=
鈻?/p>
H
=
2
1
,
;
T
p
m
T
n
C
dT
飪?/p>
W
=-
p
澶?/p>
(
V
2
-
V
1
)
锛?/p>
鈻?/p>
U
=
鈻?/p>
H
-
p
鈻?/p>
V
(
甯稿帇涓嬶紝鍑濊仛鐩革細
W
鈮?/p>
0
锛涒柍
U
鈮堚柍
H
)
鎭掑帇杩囩▼锛?/p>
鑺傛祦鑶ㄨ儉锛?/p>
Q
=0
锛?/p>
鈻?/p>
H
=0
锛?/p>
飦?/p>
J-T
=(d
T
/d
p
)
H
=0
T
涓嶅彉
(
渚嬪鐞嗘兂姘斾綋
)
<0
鑷寸儹
>0
鑷村喎
鐩稿彉鍖?/p>
鈻?/p>
U
=
鈻?/p>
H
锛?/p>
p
鈻?/p>
V
Q
p
=
鈻?/p>
H
;
W
=-
p
鈻?/p>
V
鈮?/p>
0
锛屸柍
U
鈮堚柍
H
(
甯稿帇涓嬪嚌鑱氭�侀棿鐩稿彉鍖?/p>
)
=-
nRT
(
姘旂浉瑙嗕负
IG)
鐩稿彉鐒撲笌娓╁害鍏崇郴锛?/p>
2
1
2
1
,
(
)
(
)
T
m
m
p
m
T
H
T
H
T
C
dT
飦?/p>
飦?/p>
飦?/p>
飦?/p>
飦?/p>
飥?/p>
飦?/p>
飥?/p>
飦?/p>
飪?/p>
鍖栧鍙樺寲
鎽╁皵鍙嶅簲鐒撶殑瀹氫箟锛氣柍
r
H
m
=
鈻?/p>
r
H
/
鈻?/p>
飦?/p>
鎭掑帇鍙嶅簲鐑笌鎭掑鍙嶅簲鐑殑鍏崇郴锛?/p>
Q
p
=
Q
V
+
鈭懳?/p>
B
(g)
RT
鏍囧噯鎽╁皵鍙嶅簲鐒撶殑璁＄畻锛?/p>
1
B
(
)
(B,
)
r
m
f
m
H
T
H
T
飦?/p>
飦?/p>
飥?/p>
飦?/p>
飦?/p>
!
!
鍙嶅簲杩涘害瀹氫箟銆佹爣鍑嗘懇灏旂敓鎴愮創鍜屾爣鍑嗘懇灏旂噧鐑х創鐨勫畾涔夈�?/p>
鍩哄笇闇嶅か鍏紡锛?/p>
2
1
,
2
1
,
(
)
;
(
)
(
)
T
r
m
p
r
p
m
r
m
r
m
r
p
m
T
H
C
H
T
H
T
C
dT
T
飩讹亜
飥?/p>
飦?/p>
飦?/p>
飥?/p>
飦?/p>
飥?/p>
飦?/p>
飩?/p>
飪?/p>
!
!
!