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We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \o strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. To further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ding to law, standardize and fair.\nsure that potential employees \o fly\o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. To further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \se\ole, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \p construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the第三章
6．下表描述了Baseballia国两个城市的生产可能性：
一个工人每小时生产的红补袜子量 一个工人每小时生产的白袜子量
A．没有贸易，波士顿一双白袜子价格（用红袜子表示）是多少？芝加哥11双白袜子价格是多少? 答：没有贸易时，波士顿1 双白袜子价格是1 双红袜子，芝加哥1 双白袜子价格是2 双红袜子。 B．在每种颜色的袜子生产上，哪个城市有绝对优势？哪个城市有比较优势??
答：波士顿在生产红、白袜子上都有绝对优势。波士顿在生产白袜子上有比较优势，芝加哥在生产红袜子上有比较优势。
C．如果这两个城市相互交易，两个城市将分别出口哪种颜色的袜子? 答：如果它们相互交易，波士顿将出口白袜子，而芝加哥出口红袜子。 D．可以进行交易的价格范围是多少?
答：白袜子的最高价格是2 双红袜子，最低价格是1 双红袜子。红袜子的最高价格是1 双白袜子，最低价格是1／2 双白袜子。
7．假定一个美国工人每年能生产100件衬衣或20台电脑，而一个中国工人每年能生产100件衬衣或10台电脑。
A．画出这两个国家的生产可能性边界。假定没有贸易，每个国家的工人各用一半的时间生产两种物品，在你的图上标出这一点。
答：两个国家的生产可能性边界如图3 一4 所示。如果没有贸易，一个美国工人把一半的时间用于生产每种物品，则能生产50 件衬衣、10 台电脑；同样，一个中国工人则能生产50 件衬衣、5 台电脑。
图3 一4 生产可能性边界
B．如果这两个国家进行贸易，哪个国家将出口衬衣？举出一个具体的数字例子，并在你的图上标出。哪一个国家将从贸易中获益？解释原因。
答：中国将出口衬衣。对美国而言，生产一台电脑的机会成本是5 件衬衣，而生产一件衬衣的机会成本为1/5 台电脑。对中国而言，生产一台电脑的机会成本是10 件衬衣，而生产一件衬衣的机会成本为1/10 台电脑。
因此，美国在生产电脑上有比较优势，中国在生产衬衣上有比较优势，所以中国将出口衬衣。 衬衣的价格在1/5 到1/10 台电脑之间。两个国家都会从贸易中获益。例如，衬衣的价格为1/8 台电脑，换言这，中国出口8 件衬衣换回1 台电脑。中国专门生产衬衣（100 件），并出口其中的8 件，这样就有92 件衬衣和换回的1 台电脑。而没有贸易时，92 件衬衣和1 台电脑在中国是不可能得到的产出。美国专门生产电脑（20 台）并向中国出口其中的1 台换取8 件衬衣。这样，美国最后
f backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strngthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \o strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. To further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ding to law, standardize and fair.\nsure that potential employees \o fly\o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. To further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \se\ole, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \p construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the就有19 台电脑和8 件衬衣，这也是没有贸易时美国不可
能得到的产出。由此可见，贸易使中国和美国所能消费的产品增加，两国都获益了。 C．解释两国可以交易的电脑价格（用衬衣衡量）是多少。
答：一台电脑的价格将在5 到10 件衬衣之间。如果电脑价格低于5 件衬衣，美国将不会出口，因为在美国一件衬衣的机会成本为1/5 台电脑。如果电脑的价格高于10 件衬衣，中国将不会进口，因为在中国一台电脑的机会成本是10 件衬衣。
D．假设中国的生产率赶上了美国，因此，一个中国工人每年可以生产100件衬衣或20台电脑。你预期这时的贸易形式会是什么样的。中国生产率的这种进步将如何影响两国居民的经济福利？ 答：此时，中美双方将同时生产两种商品，然后进行贸易，不过此时的贸易被称为水平贸易，即生产率大致相同的两个国家进行的贸易。而中国在提高生产率之前，两国进行的是垂直贸易。垂直贸易可以增进两国的福利，水平贸易同样能增进两国的福利。经常举的例子是，美国自己生产小汽车，但它还是进口日本的汽车。原因是两国生产的汽车在性能、耗油量及体积大小等方面有差异，通过进口国外的汽车可以满足美国人多样化的需求，因此会增进美国人的福利。总的来说，中国生产率的这种进步会提高两国居民的经济福利。 第五章
2．假设公务乘客和度假乘客对从纽约到波士顿之间民航机票的需求如下：
A．当票价从美元上升到美元时，公务乘客的需求价格弹性为多少？度假乘客的需求价格弹性为多少？(用中点法计算。)
答：(1)中点：价格＝225，数量＝1 950
B．为什么度假乘客与公务乘客的弹性不同?
答：对公务人员来说，时间成本较高，飞机是最快的交通工具，为了节省时间，即使机票价格升高，他们的最佳选择还可能是坐飞机，所以他们的机票需求价格弹性小。度假乘客则不同，他们是为了外出游玩，时间成本比较低。如果机票价格升高，为了节省度假成本，他们可以选择其他交通工具。因此，他们的需求价格弹性大。
3．假设取暖用油的需求价格弹性在短期中是00..22，而在长期中是00..77。
A ．如果每加仑取暖用油的价格从11..88美元上升到22..22美元，短期中取暖用油的需求量会发生什么变动？长期中呢？（用中点计算。）
答：每加仑取暖用油的价格从1.8 美元上升到2.2 美元，价格变动百分比为： （2.2 - 1.8）/2=0.2=20％
当需求价格弹性为0.2 时，短期中取暖用油的需求量会减少0.2＊20％= 4％ 当需求价格弹性为0.7 时，长期中取暖用油的需求量会减少0.7＊20％=14％ B．为什么这种弹性取决于时间长短？
f backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development
opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy2
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \o strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. To further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ding to law, standardize and fair.\nsure that potential employees \o fly\o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. To further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \se\ole, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \p construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the答：在长期中，消费者通过购买其他诸如用天然气或电力取暖的设施来作出调整，以减少对取暖用油的需求。因此，与短期相比，在长期内消费者能够更加容易对取暖用油价格上升作出反应，所以需求弹性也较大。
6．假设你的CD需求表如下：
A．用中点法计算，在你的收入分别为1万美元和1．2万美元的情况下，当CD的价格从8美元上升到10 美元时，你的需求价格弹性。
答：收入为1 万美元时，中点：价格＝9 数量＝36
收人为1．2 万美元时，中点：价格＝9 数量＝47．5
B．分别计算在价格为1122美元和1166美元的情况下，当你的收入从11万美元增加到11．22万美元时，你的需求收入弹性。
答：价格为12 美元时，中点：收入＝1．1 数量＝27
价格为16 美元时，中点：收入＝1．1 数量＝10
第六章
7．国会和总统决定，美国应该通过减少使用汽油以减少空气污染。他们对所销售的每加仑汽油征收0．5 美元的税收。
A．他们应该对生产者收税呢，还是对消费者征税？用供求图加以详细解释。 答：他们对生产者或消费者征税都可以。
(a) 对消费者征税：对消费者征税，使消费者支付的价格上升，需求曲线向左下方移动。
f backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development
opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy3