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1. 英语语言学期末考试及其补考的复习范围和题型一致； 2. 收到此邮件，请在同学之间传阅；

3. 本邮件内容有三：考试题型、参考问答题、课堂练习及其答案。 祝大家学习快乐！考试顺利！

Examination Items考试题型

上海外国语大学继续教育学院2014年第1学期

英语本科五年级和专升本科三年级

“语言学”期末试卷 考试时间：60分钟

班级 ____________ 学号 ____________ 姓名 ____________

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable terms. (30%)

II. Judge if the following statements are true or false. (30%) III. Choose any two of the following questions to answer. (40%)

Questions for Reference参考问答题

1. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? (P6) 2. Please differentiate the following pairs of terms. voicing and voiceless (P16) vowels and consonants (P18) aspirated and unaspirated (P18) phones and phonemes (P23)

3. Give a brief account of the kinds of morphemes in English language with examples. (P33-36)

4. Why is English rich in synonyms? And how can we classify them? (P66-68)

Exercises and Key 课堂练习及其答案

Practice 1 Introduction

1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.

2. __________ linguistics studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages while __________ linguistics studies language at one particular point of time.

3. The __________ study of language studies the historical development of language over a period of time, and it is a historical study.

4. __________ and __________ are the two major media of linguistic communication.

5. The distinction between __________ and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure in the early 20th century while the distinction between competence and _________ was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s.

6. Chomsky uses the term __________ to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.

7. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several different ways. Firstly, linguistics is __________ while traditional grammar is __________; Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as __________, not the written; Thirdly, modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a _________-based framework.

8. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior, it is said to be __________.

9. The defining properties of human language are: creativity, __________, __________, __________, __________.

10. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is __________.

11. Generally speaking, three main functions are often recognized of language: the descriptive functions, the expressive function, and the __________ function.

12. According to the British linguist Halliday’s simpler system of language functions, the ideational function is to organize the speaker or writer’s experience of the real or imaginary world, and the __________ function is to indicate, establish, or maintain social relationship between people while the __________ function is to organize written or spoken texts in such a manner that they are coherent within themselves and fit the particular situation in which they are used.

Practice 2 Introduction

1. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken.

2. Speech and writing are the two major media of language. All languages in the world today can be both spoken and written.

3. The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.

4. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.

5. With their respective distinction between langue and parole, and competence and performance, both Saussure and Chomsky present the view that only the abstract structure of language can be studied systematically, but not its use.

6. The distinction between langue and parole was proposed by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while parole refers to the concrete use of conventions and rules, thus varying from person to person.

7. An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage.

8. Language can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. The two approaches are equally favored by modern linguists. 9. Language is entirely arbitrary.

10. Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.