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替换与重复
Substitutive vs. Reiterative
一般说来，除非有意强调或出于修辞的需要，英语总的倾向是尽量避免重复。试比较：
1)音节重复
原句：Commercials商业广告 seldom make for entertaining and relaxing listening. 改写：Commercials seldom entertain and relax the listener.
原句：Close examination闭卷考试 of the results of the investigation led to a reorganization of the department.
改写：Close study of the results of the inquiry led to a reorganization of the department．
2)词语重复
原句: We listened to an account of the customs of the inhabitants of the village. (of 的重复)
改写: We listened to an account of the villagers’ customs.
原句: Even to borrow money is wrong, accord-ing to Kant, because if everyone did borrow money, there would be no money left to borrow.
改写: Even to borrow money is wrong, accord-ing to Kant, because if everyone did this, there would be no money left to borrow.
3)句式重复
原句：Now is the time for everyone to come out to vote, for everything depends upon this election. All are against corruption 贪污 腐败, and so they should vote the Reform ticket. This is not a foolish thing, for the voters can elect anyone they want. But the people must turn out heavily, for if they do there is little doubt that they will elect the men they want.
改写：Everybody should turn out to vote in this election，for the triumph胜利 凯旋 of the Reform party means the end of corruption in office．If the voters will only come to the polls in large enough numbers, they can surely elect the men they wish to see in power.
4)意义重复
原句：He asked the divisions to give their mutual cooperation to the project. 改写：He asked the divisions to cooperate on the project．
原句: A university degree has become a necessary requisite for entry into most professions.
改写：
a) The bachelor's degree is necessary / a requisite for entry into most professions ． b) The bachelor’s degree is required for entry into most professions. / Entry into most professions requires the bachelor’s degree．
原句：May I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not limited only to aeronautics？
改写：
a) May I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not limited to aeronautics？
b) May I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not directed only to aeronautics？
advance planning assembled together still remains repeat again exactly identical audible to the ear entirely complete throughout the entire summer foreign imports dash quickly
在能明确表达意思的前提下，英语宜尽量采用替 代、省略或变换等避免重复。
一、替代（Substitution）
(替代句中或上文已出现过的词语或内容) 1.名词性替代: 用代词或某些名词来取代名词(词组) 第三人称代词: he, she, it
指示代词: this, that, these, those
关系代词: who, whom, whose, that, which 连接代词: who, whom, whose, what, which
不定代词: all, each, every, both, either, neither, one / ones, none, little, few, several, many, much, other, another, some, any, no
名词: enough, half, the same, the kind, the sort, the former, the latter
?Translation from English into Chinese is not so easy as that from English into French．
英译汉不如英译法容易。
2) A chemical change is one in which the structure of particles粒子 粒子系统 is changed and a new substance is formed.
化学变化是改变粒子结构、形成新物质的一种变化。
3) Electrical charges 电荷《物》 of a similar kind repel each other and those that are dissimilar attract.
同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。
4) He hated failure；he had conquered it all his life，risen above it，and despised it in others.
他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。
1)我们的民族再也不是一个被人侮辱的民族了。
Ours is no longer a nation subject to insult and humiliation. 2)我们提倡和平共处的原则，这项原则目前在世界上已越来越得人心了。
We have advocated the principle of peaceful coexistence, which is now growing more and more popular in the world.
3)一定的文化（当作观念形态的文化）是一定社会的政治和经济的反映，又给予一定社会的政治和经济以巨大的作用和影响。
Any given culture (as an ideological form) is a reflection of the politics and economics of a given society, and the former in turn has a tremendous effect and influence on the latter.
2、动词性替代：替代谓语动词（词组）。 代动词 do
复合代动词 do so, do it, do that, do this, do the same 替代句型 so+do＋主语，so＋主语＋do，
so＋be＋主语，so＋主语＋be， so＋will＋主语，so ＋主语＋ will
1) The Americans are reducing their defence expen-diture this year. I wonder if the Russians will do too.
美国人今年已在削减国防开支，我怀疑俄国人也会这样做。 2) In any case work does not include time, but power does． 在任何情况下，功不包括时间，但功率却包括时间。
3) You don’t want to lag behind．Neither does she． 你不愿意落后，她也不愿意落后。
4) You should help him since you have promis-ed to do so.
你答应了要帮助他就应当帮助他。/ 你应当帮助他，这是你答应了的。
5) He never really succeeded in his ambitions. He might have done, one felt, had it not been for the restlessness of his nature．
他雄心勃勃，但从未如愿以偿。人们觉得，要不是他那贪得无厌的本性，他也许会有所作为的。
3、分句性替代
用替代词so或not来取代充当宾语的that从句，用if so或if not来取代条件从句，用as来取代分句的一部分，等等。
1) People believe that the American team will win the football game. Peter thinks so, but I believe not.
人们认为美国队将赢得这场足球赛，彼得也是这样想的，我却认为并非如此。 2) Factories known to produce components for missiles and submarines are being camouflaged, as are missile launching and test sites throughout the USSR．
人们所知道的生产导弹部件和潜艇部件的工厂，都进行了伪装。苏联全国各地的导弹发射和试验场地，也都进行了伪装。
3) 中国人从来就是一个伟大的勇敢的勤劳的民族，只是在近代落伍了。这种落伍，完全是被外国帝国主义和本国反动政府所压迫和剥削的结果。
The Chinese have always been a great, courageous and industrious nation; it is only in modern times that they have fallen behind．And that was due entirely to
oppression and exploitation by foreign imperialism and domestic reactionary governments．
4) 你没有搞好，我是不满意的，得罪了你就得罪了你。
You have done a poor job and I am not satisfied, and if you feel offended, so be it.
5)成绩有两重性，错误也有两重性。
Achievements have a dual character, and so have mistakes．
6)一个人的工作，究竟是三分成绩七分错误，还是七分成绩三分错误，必须有个根本的估价。
We must have a fundamental evaluation of a person’s work and establish whether his achieve-ments amount to 30 per cent and his mistakes to 70 per cent，or vice versa.
总的说来，英语多用代称避免重复；汉语少用代称，多用实称，因而较常重复。英语的代词在汉译时常采用还原、复说或省略的办法加以处理。
1) Flattery is more dangerous than hatred because it covers the stain which the other causes to be wiped out．
阿谀比怨恨更危险，因为阿谀掩饰了污点，而怨恨却能使人消除污点。 2)Gathering facts, confirming them, suggesting theories, testing them, and organizing findings -- this is all the work of science．
收集事实并加以论证，提出理论并加以检验，以及归纳整理研究成果——这就是科学工作的全部内容。
3) The analogue computer determines its quantity by measuring how much while the digital computer determines its quantity by counting how many.
模拟计算机计出量的大小，数字计算机算出量的多少。
4) Halliday put his pipe down, crossed his hands behind his neck, and turned his face towards the window.
哈利德放下烟斗，两手交叉着放在脖子后面，转过头去看窗子。
1) “What will you do when the war is over if it is over?” He asked me. “Speak grammatically !”
“I will go the States.” “Are you married?” “No, but I hope to be.”
“The more of a fool you are,” he said．He seemed very angry. “A man must not marry.”
“Why must not a man marry ?”
“真有那么一天，仗打完了，你要干点什么”, 少校问我，“注意，语法要正确！” “回美国。” “结婚了吗?’’
“没有，但很想。”
“你更蠢了,”他看上去很恼火。“男人根本不该结婚。” “为什么男人不该结婚?”
二、省略（Omission）
有名词性省略、动词性省略、分句性省略； 有句法方面的省略，也有情景方面的省略。在并列结构中英语常常省略前面已出现过的词语，而汉语则往往重复这些词语，如:
1) A man is called selfish, not for pursuing his own good, but for neglecting his neighbor’s．
说一个人自私自利，并非因为他只图自己的利益，而是因为他不顾 邻人的利益。
2) Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil． 野心不仅是罪恶的根源，也是毁灭的根源。 3) Work with, and not against, nature.
要顺应自然工作，不要违反自然工作。