高考英语语法详解之介词

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第八章 介词

一、概述

介词又叫前置词,是一种虚词,在句子中不能单独使用。只能与名词、代词等构成介词短语,在句中作状语、后置定语、表语和补语等。介词的作用则是表明它后面的名词或代词(或相当于名词的其它词类、短语或从句)与其它句子成分的关系。单音节词一般不重读,具有两个或两个以上音节的介词有一个音节要重读。

-What do you want with those old boxes? --你留着那些箱子干什么用?(作状语) -To put things in when I move to the new flat. --搬家时放东西用。

I sat down on one of those modern chairs with holes in it and waited.我坐在一把有网眼的新式椅子上等候着。(作chairs的定语)

She is among my most welcome visitors.她是我最欢迎的来访者之一。(作表语) I found myself in hospital when I came to myself.我醒来时发现自己躺在医院里。(作宾补) 二、介词的位置

1、介词通常位于名词或代词前

The sunlight came in through the windows in the roof and lit up the whole room.阳光从天窗穿射入,照亮了整个房间。

This work is beyond my grasp.这件工作非我力所能及。

Shall we rest in the shade beneath these trees? 我们在树下阴凉处休息一下好吗? 2、在某些结构中介词可以放在句尾 (1)在特殊疑问句中

在特殊疑问句中,介词可以放在句尾,和宾语分开,但依然存在着介宾关系。 Who (m) were you speaking to just now? 你刚才在和谁说话? Which desk did you put the book on? 你把书放在那个桌子上了? Who is she talking with? 她在和谁说话?

注意:介词也可放在句首疑问词之前连同疑问词一起引起疑问句。 With whom did you go to the cinema? 你和谁一起去看电影的? Since when have you lived here? 从什么时候你住在这里? (2)在定语从句中

在定语从句中,位于关系代词之前的介词,可以放在句尾,这种情况下关系代词可以省略;也可以放在关系代词前引导定语从句,介词不可放在that之前。 The room I live in is quite damp.我住的房子很潮湿。(关系代词which/that省略) = The room in which I live is quite damp. (但不能用in that) He is the man whom you can turn to for help. He is the man to whom you can turn for help.他是你可以求助的人。

(3)某些wh-词引导的名词性从句中,关系代词为介词宾语位于句首时,介词后置 Money is what he is badly in need of at present.目前,钱是他最需要的。 I don't know what he looks like.我不知道他长什么样?

(4)动词不定式作状语,需要介词同句中的主语构成动宾关系时,介词后置 The room is comfortable to live in.这间房子住起来和舒服。 The lake is safe to swim in.在这个湖里游泳很安全。

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